对初高中英语固定句式的探究

2017-12-23 03:22王晓娟
魅力中国 2017年49期
关键词:联系分类语言

王晓娟

摘要:固定句型的掌握,可以增加语言交流的流利性和连贯性,语言表达的准确性和得体性。通过对初高中固定句型在教材安排,呈现形式的比较,以及两者之间的联系,还有在高考题中的考查形式的体现,认识到掌握固定句型的重要性。

关键词:语言;固定句型;分类 联系

语言是文化的载体,是人们日常交流的工具。随着英语国际化的趋势,英语的使用越来越广泛,而对于英语学习者而言掌握一定的固定句式尤其重要。它有利于增加语言的流利性和连贯性,提高语言的准确性和得体性。而在教学实践中,英语教师往往忽视固定句式的教学,这严重影响了学生语言的表达和语言的交流,不利于学生语言综合能力的提高。

我们知道,句子是语言系统的最大单位,句型是句法结构的模式,是根据句子的结构意义和结构特点从大量的句子中抽选出来的典型样式,句型具有高度的概括性和代表性,以某一句式为基础,替换其中的某一或某些事物,就可以生出无穷的句子,同时人们又对各种语言现象进行了分析归纳,总结而成的固有规律,则可称之为一种固定句式。(《高中英语句型教学现状》孙利民)

固定句式在教学中起着一定的作用,它来源于教材,便于新知识的引入,便于教学目的的确立。在教学实践中,我们通常这样划分固定句式:

1.结构型:典型的固定的词语排列顺序,或者涉及某个词的特殊用法,语义明确,容易掌握。

Eg: What a + adj. + n + S + v != How + adj. + a + n+ v!(多么...!)

The +比较级+主语+谓语, the +比较级+主语+谓语

A is to B what C is to D.

2. 语法型:各种从句,有相对稳定的句法作用,具有一些语法变化,学生容易出错。

Eg: Its (high) time that somebody did (should do)(should不能省略)。

Its required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.

(上海卷 2005)

Great changes have taken place in that school.Its no longer what it was 20 years ago,when it was so poorly equipped. (安徽卷 2005)

3 .综合型:包括两种以上从句的复合句,结构庞杂,学生难以分析。

Eg: Its no doubt that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life that ordinary people cant imagine.

He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already used sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain while customers of outher fast food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.(2013 山東卷)

It was not until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one being truly listened to is frequently theraputie (有疗效后).

(2013 江西卷)

初中的固定句式形式比较简单,容易理解,所使用的场景比较单一。初中英语教材的固定句式基本按系统的语法教学顺序编排,以短小的对话形式出现,这种以“对话形式”出现,在此特别强调,因为语言是人类独有的第二信号系统,如果语言离开了情境,也就成为“无源之水,无本之木”。这个对话,给学生们提供了情境,给学生们提供了使用某种句式的环境和场景,使其能正确运用。同时对话内容又是由易到难,有简单到复杂,教学的方法也是先听后说,整句教,整句学,通过反复操练,达到熟练掌握,从而达到“自动化”,即脱口而出。

而高中的句式相对比较复杂,或者多个场景都可以使用,但意义不同。高中英语教材的固定句式基本在每模块所选文章出现,重点句式体现了本模块所要讲的语法内容,以教材内容为载体,通过固定句式的学习,来理解新的或者更难的语言现象,并在Speaking and Function , Everyday English 部分进行了操练和巩固,这样帮助学生掌握句式结构,养成语言习惯,提高了学生语言的综合应用能力。也可以说高中固定句式是在初中基础上的进一步延伸深化。以下是对初高中某些固定句式的延伸,也就是所掌握的程度进行了简单的概括。

内容 初中固定句式 高中固定句式

There be 结构 There is a river near our school There be 结构的变形

There lies/stands…

There used to be…

There seemed to…

It 做形式主语 Its easy to have a healthy lifestyle.

(八年级上.unitⅡ)

It +be+adj.+to+v

It is +adj.+that从句

It is+v.ed+that从句(believed/said/reported)

It is no use doing something .

It occurred to somebody that....

It 做形式宾语 I find it difficult

For me to learn English well. I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.

I appreciate it if you can help me .

I feel it my duty to help others.

It is time to do It is time for sb. to do something.

It is time for sb. +n./doing. It is time that we should do /did our homework .

It is /this is/was the first time that I have/had been to Beijing.

Until/ not… until The meeting was put off until ten oclock The village did not realize how the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.(原句)

Not until all the fish died in the river did the villager realize how the pollution was.(倒装)

It was not until all the fish died in the river that the villager realized how the pollution was.(强调)

So that 结构 The book was so interesting that he forgot his meal. So +adj.+a/an+单数可数名词

So many /few+复数可数名词

So much/little+不可数名词

So fast did he speak that I could not follow him.(倒装)

基于以上分析,我们的教学中就要有意识地进行初高中固定句式的过渡性教学,由浅入深、由易到难地反复操练,才能使学生在定作中运用自如。而目前学生在书面表达的错误如:“汉语式英语”,“固定搭配错误”,“语言不得体”,“表达单一,形式不丰富”等,一定程度上归咎于掌握不到位,不能灵活运用。固定句式结构简单明了,涵盖了基本语法点,提供了基本框架,能够让我们很好的模仿。掌握一定的固定句式,不仅有利于学生语言得体表达,还有助于学生理解较为复杂的语言现象,提高综合运用语言的能力和解决问题的能力。我们看看在高考题中对固定句式的考查:

2012全国大纲卷:

This restaurant was not half as good as that other restaurant we went to.(倍数表示法)

四川卷:

This is not my story, nor is it the whole story. My story plays out differently.(倒裝)

北京卷:

Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.(賓语从句)

2013 江西卷

There are a small number of people involved ,possibly as few as twenty. (as....as)

陕西卷

On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(it takes sb. some time to do something )

湖南卷

Not once did it occur to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.(it occurred to sb. that....)

《高中英语课程标准》指出“在教学活动中要培养学生语言技能的发展和提高语言实际运用能力”,在一个缺少语言环境的情况下学习英语,我们只有掌握了一定的固定句式,才能将学到的英语知识简单的梳理,荣辱到基本结构中,这样不仅掌握了句式,结构和词汇的意义,还养成了英语思维的习惯。不难看出,固定句式在教学上的重要性已然勿庸质疑。因此无论在教授语言知识,还是培养语言能力的教学活动中,我们都应该对固定句式予以足够的重视。

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