划分段落：英语概要写作中找齐要点的秘诀

□吕吉尔

（宁波市北仑中学，浙江宁波315800）

划分段落：英语概要写作中找齐要点的秘诀

□吕吉尔

（宁波市北仑中学，浙江宁波315800）

内容要点齐全是英语概要写作评分中最重要的一项内容。考生在概要写作中可以根据文章的体裁对短文进行段落划分，按段落确定要点，这样就能确保内容要点齐全了。

概要写作；要点；段落

概要写作是浙江省英语新高考写作部分的新增题型之一，与同样是新增的写作题型读后续写在不同考次不定期交替使用。概要写作提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要，从评分细则可以看出，概要写作要求内容要点齐全、语言准确简练、文句连贯紧凑、语言独立表达[1]。其中最重要的无疑是内容要点齐全。但在概要写作教学中，学生碰到的最大难题就是找不齐要点。

经过一段时间的摸索，笔者发现了找齐要点的秘诀——给短文划分段落。根据文章的体裁对短文进行段落划分，然后按段落确定要点，那么短文有几个要点也就一目了然了。概要写作的短文体裁一般是说明文或议论文，也有可能是记叙文。下面笔者针对不同体裁的短文就如何划分段落、如何确定要点进行探讨。

一、说明文的段落划分

说明文因其内容不同可分为若干类型，而各类说明文又有其特定的内容结构，我们可以根据其内容特点来给不同类型说明文划分段落。比如：（1）描述某事物的性质功用等的说明文可以按照“事物—性质/定义—功用/功能—应用/利好”的文章结构进行划分；（2）针对某个问题提出解决办法或措施的说明文可以按照“问题—成因—解决方法/措施”的文章结构进行划分；（3）介绍某种现象及其原因结果的说明文可以按照“现象—原因—结果”的文章结构进行划分。请看下面的例题。

短文及划分后的段落要点These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint.Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses,factories,and offices.Green building means“reducing the impact of the building on the land”,Taryn Holowka of the U.S.Green Building Council in Washington,D.C.said.According to Holowka,buildings account for 65 percent of total U.S.electricity use.But green buildings can reduce energy and water use.Also,the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways,so that people can drive their cars less.That could be good for the environment,because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution.Green buildings are often built on developed land,so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.1.事物（绿色建筑）的定义2.事物（绿色建筑）的功用

（续表）

【概要】Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings.（要点1）They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage,thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well.（要点 2）For example,the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water.（要点 3）Although not all people like green building yet,it is expected to be popular in the near future.（要点4）

【简析】该短文是描述绿色建筑功用的说明文，由8个自然段组成，按照“定义—功用—应用—展望”的文章结构可划分为四个段落，也即有四个要点。要点1是绿色建筑的定义，即第1自然段；要点2是绿色建筑的功用，即第2、3、4自然段；要点3是绿色建筑的应用实例the Solaire及其功能，即第5、6、7自然段；要点4是对绿色建筑的展望，即第8自然段。

二、议论文的段落划分

议论文通常由论点、论据和结论三要素构成，这就为我们给议论文划分段落提供了依据。我们可按“论点—论据1……论据n—结论”的文章结构来划分短文的段落。请看下面的例题。

短文及划分后的段落要点We live in a technological society wheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilled labor.Because of this,most people think that craft no longer exists.One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid,and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability.“Homes in those days were well-built,”they say.No doubtthesehomeswerewell-built,butwhat these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.1.提出论点2.一方论据及其支撑细节Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.For example,more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways,although they were once fairly common in older homes.Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway.Yet if someone can pay the high cost,there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways.And not only would these carpenters know how to build them,they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools.Such tools as laser beams and powerplanes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood.Also,it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics,which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.3.另一方论据及其支撑细节

（续表）

【概要】Nowadays a majority of people think that craft is dead,because they see century-old homes soundly stand.（要点 1）They believe that it is the craftsmanship that contributes to the durability of the buildings,but they mistake the quality of material for that of the craftsmanship.（要 点 2）Actually,good carpenters,who are more learned and equipped with advanced tools,still exist.（要点3）So the problem of modern buildings lies in the quality of the material.（要点4）

【简析】该议论文由5个自然段组成，按照“提出论点—论据1—论据2—得出结论”的文章结构可划分为四个段落，即有四个要点。要点1是提出论点：很多人认为，当今社会手艺已不复存在，即第1自然段；要点2是支持上述论点的论据与作者对此论据的看法，即第2自然段；要点3是不赞同上述论点的论据并列举了支持性依据，即第3、4自然段；要点4得出结论，点明问题的症结所在，即第5自然段。

三、记叙文的段落划分

单纯的叙事记叙文往往是故事性的，因此，其中都会含有人物和情节。而考题短文因受篇幅的限制，不可能记叙多个主要人物，故事的发展一般由不同情节构成。若短文是夹叙夹议的哲理性小品文，则在文末会有作者的观点或可从中得出哲理性的推论。因此，在给记叙文划分段落时可按“情节1—情节2……情节n—启示”的文章结构来进行。请看下面的例题。

3.情节3：好心 人拾 金不昧、钱 包完 璧归赵要点1.情节1：厌烦 城市 生活，想要 放弃2.情节2：回家 路上 丢失 钱包短文及划分后的段落That cold January night,I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco.There I was,walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre.With opening night only a week away,I was still learning my lines.I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time.As I walked,I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco.City life had become too much for me.As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings,I felt very small and cold.I began running,both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers.Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets.About a block from my apartment,I heard a sound behind me.I turned quickly,half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun.The street was empty.All I saw was a shining streetlight.Still,the noise had made me nervous,so I started to run faster.Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door did I realize what the noise had been.It had been my wallet falling to the sidewalk.Suddenly I wasn’t cold or tired anymore.I ran out of the door and back to where I’d heard the noise.Although I searched the sidewalk anxiously for fifteen minutes,my wallet was nowhere to be found.Just as I was about to give up the search,I heard the garbage truck pull up to the sidewalk next to me.When a voice called from the inside,“Alisa Camacho?”I thought I was dreaming.How could this man know my name?The door opened,and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eyes.“Is this what you’re looking for?”he asked,holding up a small square shape.It was nearly 3 am by the time I got into bed.I wouldn’t get much sleep that night,but I had gotten my wallet back.I also had gotten back some enjoyment of city life.I realized that the city couldn’t be a bad place as long as people were willing to help each other.4.打消放 弃城 市生 活的 念头

【概要】Dismayed by doing two jobs at a time,the author thought of quitting city life.（要点1）One early morning in January,she ran her way home after work to keep warm and to avoid possible robbery.She lost her wallet on the way and failed to find it anyway.（要 点 2）Unexpectedly,a driver had picked it up and returned it to her.（要点3）Moved by this,she regained some faith in city life and would probably stay on in San Francisco.（要点4）

【简析】该记叙文由6个自然段组成，按照“情节1—情节2—情节3—感悟”的文章结构可划分为四个段落，即有四个要点。要点1是故事情节1：“我”因不堪同时做两份工作的重负而厌倦城市生活，想要放弃，即第1自然段；要点2是故事情节2：为暖身和免遭抢劫跑步回家，途中不慎丢失钱包，即第2、3、4自然段；要点3是故事情节3：一位拾金不昧的司机把钱包还给了“我”，即第5自然段；要点4是“我”的感悟：因钱包失而复得而重拾对城市生活的乐趣，打消放弃的念头，即第6自然段。

找齐要点是写好概要的关键，而找齐要点的秘诀就在于给短文划分段落。按照短文的体裁结构对短文进行段落划分，划分好段落后，短文有几个要点就一目了然了。划分段落的过程既是为写概要做准备的过程，同时又是深入理解短文结构和语义的过程，因此，给短文划分段落既是写作的一种手段，也是阅读的一种方法。以上三篇例文，体裁不同，自然段数亦不同，但都被划分成四个段落，这纯属巧合，既非必然，亦非笔者刻意为之，考生在答题时务必视短文实际情况而定，切勿机械照搬。

［1］中华人民共和国教育部考试中心.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明（高考综合改革试验省份试用）（第一版）［M］.北京：人民教育出版社，2015：30-31.