MDCT对肾透明细胞癌Fuhrman分级诊断价值的研究

2017-12-01 01:46刘莹莹张雪宁侯文静
中国临床医学影像杂志 2017年7期
关键词:叶型右肾囊性

刘莹莹,张雪宁,侯文静

(1.天津医科大学第二医院,天津 300211;2.天津市中心妇产医院,天津 300100)

MDCT对肾透明细胞癌Fuhrman分级诊断价值的研究

刘莹莹1,张雪宁1,侯文静2

(1.天津医科大学第二医院,天津 300211;2.天津市中心妇产医院,天津 300100)

目的:探讨肾透明细胞癌(ccRCC)MDCT影像学表现与Fuhrman分级之间的关系。方法:回顾性分析113例经手术病理证实的ccRCC的MDCT影像资料。两名放射科医生双盲记录患者的影像学特征,包括肿瘤大小、囊性或实性、钙化、不均匀性、坏死比、生长方式等,并与Fuhrman分级结果进行统计学分析。结果:14/15例囊性ccRCC为低级别(FuhrmanⅠ~Ⅱ级);在相对较多的实性ccRCC中,20/27例浸润型ccRCC为高级别(FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级)。单因素分析显示肿瘤越大(临界值为4 cm),Fuhrman分级越高 (χ2=11.441,P<0.001);高级别以实性为主ccRCC中钙化和坏死比≥0.6较低级别实性ccRCC多见 (χ2=29.007,P<0.001;χ2=18.454,P=0.030)。多因素分析提示肿瘤大小、浸润性生长、坏死比≥0.6是实性为主ccRCC FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级的独立预测因素(OR:0.122,P=0.002;OR:13.234,P=0.002;OR:12.891,P=0.031)。结论:MDCT 对预测 ccRCC Fuhrman 分级有较大的应用价值。囊性ccRCC倾向于低级别。以实性为主ccRCC中,肿瘤越大、浸润性生长、坏死比(≥0.6)越高,均预示较高的Fuhrman分级。

肾肿瘤;体层摄影术,螺旋计算机

肾透明细胞癌 (Clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)是肾细胞癌最常见的亚型,约占其80%~90%。Fuhrman分级是预测ccRCC生物侵犯和转移能力的最有效参数[1-3]。研究显示Fuhrman分级系统中高级别肿瘤与低级别肿瘤的生存率有显著差异[4]。通过影像学评估ccRCC Fuhrman分级有助于制定临床治疗方案。例如,低级别肾细胞癌可选择微创手术(肾脏部分切除术和射频消融术)或密切观察、随访;对于高级别不能手术治疗的肿瘤可选择非手术治疗,如靶向治疗等。

先前有报道应用MR特定序列进行ccRCC Fuhrman分级的相关研究,但是其报道的病例数相对较少[5-6]。目前,MDCT已广泛应用于肾细胞癌的术前诊断,更适合评估大样本病例。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料

收集我院2015年1月—2016年1月ccRCC患者 113例(男 71例,女 42例),年龄 17~82岁(平均52.1岁),大多数患者为体检偶发(75例),其余患者临床表现为肉眼血尿(24例),腰痛(11例),腹部包块(3例),经手术病理证实FuhrmanⅠ级 8例、Ⅱ级60例、Ⅲ级30例、Ⅳ级15例 (对于肿瘤Fuhrman分级有交叉时,将其归为更高级)。所有病例均为单侧单发、非遗传性肿瘤,且排除其他肾脏疾病。

1.2 检查方法

使用GE Light-Speed 64排螺旋CT扫描仪进行肾脏三期增强扫描。扫描参数:管电压120 kV,采用自动管电流调节技术,层厚0.5 cm,层间距0.5 cm,重建图像层厚0.625 mm,层间距0.625 mm,螺距0.984∶1。增强扫描以高压注射器经肘前静脉团注非离子型对比剂碘佛醇 80~100mL,剂量 1.4~1.6mL/kg,注射速度3.0~4.0 mL/s。通过肘前静脉留置针注入非离子型造影剂后 20~30 s、60~70 s、180~300 s 行皮质期、实质期及排泄期扫描。

1.3 图像分析

所有病例CT影像资料由两名放射科医生 (均具有10年以上泌尿系统影像诊断经验)在不知Fuhrman分级的情况下,于AW4.4工作站上对肿块进行独立评估,评估内容包括肿瘤大小(即最大径)、肿瘤边缘、钙化(有/无)、强化形式(均匀/不均匀)、坏死比、生长方式。肿瘤大小及坏死比,均由2名放射科医生分别于2天测量2次,取其平均数。其他评估内容的判断若不一致,则由2名医生协商达成共识。

肿瘤分为囊性和以实性为主ccRCC两类。囊性ccRCC定义为肿瘤内含有75%以上无强化液性成分,单房或多房,有完整外壁或内部有分隔[7-8]。当周围为不规则实性成分时,则认为是ccRCC伴有中央坏死,而非囊性ccRCC。囊性ccRCC根据Bosniak分类系统进行分类[9]。将实性为主的ccRCC根据肿瘤边缘分为3种类型:①包膜型(肿瘤边界清楚、规则,呈膨胀性生长);②分叶型(肿瘤边界欠清,呈分叶状);③浸润型(肿瘤与正常肾实质分界不清)[10]。

将实性为主 ccRCC中的坏死比分为<0.2、0.2~<0.4、0.4~<0.6、≥0.6。坏死比=无强化区最大横径/该截面上肿瘤最大横径。

1.4 统计学分析

应用Kappa检验评判2名放射科医生对影像资料评估结果的一致性,Kappa值为>0.80~10提示两者一致性非常好;>0.60~0.8提示一致性好;>0.4~0.6提示一致性一般;≤0.4提示两者一致性差。通过单因素分析判断Fuhrman分级的主要影响因素,并进行多因素分析寻找影响FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级的重要变量。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义,P<0.01为具有显著性差异。所有统计学计算应用SPSS 19.0完成。

2 结果

两名放射科医生评分Kappa=0.75,表明两者评分一致性较好。

113例ccRCC中,15例为囊性ccRCC、98例为以实性为主ccRCC(其中包膜型58例、分叶型13例、浸润型 27例)。15例囊性 ccRCC中,9例Bosniak Ⅲ型(图1)、 6例Bosniak Ⅳ型(图2)。

图1 女,37岁。囊性ccRCC(FuhrmanⅡ级)。图1a,1b:增强扫描CT皮质期显示右肾下极复杂性囊性病变,边界清晰,无明显强化效应,其内可见多发厚薄不均分隔,分隔有强化效应;图1c,1d:排泄期示囊性部分无强化效应,分隔可见强化效应。此囊性ccRCC归为BosniakⅢ型。Figure 1. A 37-year-old female with Fuhrman grade Ⅱ cystic ccRCC.Figure 1a,1b:Contrast-enhanced CT image in corticomedullary phase demonstrates a multilocular cystic mass in the inferior pole of the right kidney,the lesion shows clear boundary,no obvious enhancement effect.The thickness of the septa in the mass is uneven,and has enhancement effect.Figure 1c,1d:The excretory phase shows the cystic part of the mass has no enhancement effect,and the septa can be enhanced.The cystic ccRCC is categorized as BosniakⅢ.

图2 女,46岁。左肾囊性ccRCC(FuhrmanⅢ级)。图2a,2b:增强扫描轴位示左肾上极复杂性囊性病变,囊性部分无明显强化效应,实性部分呈明显强化;图2c,2d:冠状位示实性部分位于囊壁边缘,病变内可见分隔。此囊性ccRCC归为BosniakⅣ型。Figure 2. A 46-year-old female with Fuhrman grade Ⅲ cystic ccRCC.Figure 2a,2b:Contrast-enhanced axialimage demonstrates a complex cystic mass in the superior pole of the left kidney,cystic part has no obvious enhancement effect,and solid part shows obvious enhancement.Figure 2c,2d:The coronal plane shows that the solid part is located on the edge of the capsule wall and septa can be seen in the lesion.The cystic ccRCC is categorized as BosniakⅣ.

表1 肿瘤形态与Fuhrman分级的分布情况(例)

肿瘤形态与Fuhrman分级之间的分布特征见表1。15例囊性 ccRCC中,14例为低级别(FuhrmanⅠ~Ⅱ级)。以实性为主ccRCC中,58例包膜型ccRCC中42例为低级别;13例分叶型ccRCC中仅5例为低级别;20/27例浸润型ccRCC为高级别(FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级)(图3)。肿瘤形态与不同Fuhrman分级之间有显著相关性 (χ2=39.008,P<0.001),其中包膜型 ccRCC(图4)和分叶型(图5)在Fuhrman 分级中有显著差异(χ2=8.308,P=0.040),分叶型ccRCC病理分级明显高于包膜型ccRCC。分叶型ccRCC和浸润型ccRCC在Fuhrman分级无显著差异(χ2=1.005,P=0.605)。

表2 MDCT征象与Fuhrman分级的分布特征(例)

表3 MDCT判断以实性为主ccRCC不同Fuhrman分级的单因素分析(例)

图3 男,58岁。右肾ccRCC,浸润型(FuhrmanⅣ级)。图3a,3b:增强扫描皮质期示右肾中上极不规则软组织团块影,边界不清,浸润性生长。病变呈不均匀强化效应,肾窦区受压且分界不清,肾周脂肪间隙可见点状及线样高密度影,病变侧肾脏强化程度较对侧减低;图3c,3d:实质期肿瘤内可见无强化低密度区。Figure 3. A 58-year-old male with Fuhrman gradeⅣccRCC showing infiltrative growth.Figure 3a,3b:The corticomedullary phase enhanced scan shows a large irregular mass in the upper pole of the right kidney.The border between the tumor and normal kidney is ill-defined,representing infiltrative tumor growth,the mass shows heterogeneous enhancement effect,renal sinus is pushed and the boundary is not clear,perirenal fat shows punctate and linear high density,enhancement degree of right kidney is decreased.Figure 3c,3d:There was no enhancement in the low density area in nephrographic phase.

其他影像学表现与Fuhrman分级的分布特征见表2。实性为主ccRCC的影像征象和Fuhrman分级之间的单因素分析见表3。单因素分析显示肿瘤越大 (临界值为 4 cm),Fuhrman分级越高 (χ2=11.441,P<0.001); 高级别 ccRCC 较低级别 ccRCC中钙化和坏死比≥0.6较多见 (χ2=29.007,P<0.001;χ2=18.454,P=0.030);ccRCC 中肿瘤密度均匀与不均匀无显著差异(χ2=6.894,P=0.075)。

MDCT判断实性为主ccRCC FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级的多因素分析见表4。多因素分析显示肿瘤大小(≥4 cm)、浸润性生长和坏死比≥0.6是FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级的实性为主ccRCC的独立危险因素(OR:0.122,P=0.002;OR:13.234,P=0.002;OR:12.891,P=0.031)。有无钙化(OR:0.469,P=0.272)、病变呈分叶型(OR:1.775,P=0.468)不是影响 Fuhrman Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的相关独立危险因素。

表4 MDCT判断以实性为主ccRCC FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ级的多因素分析

图4 女,53岁。右肾ccRCC,包膜型(FuhrmanⅢ级)。图4a,4b:增强扫描皮质期示右肾中部以实性为主的肿块影,呈明显不均匀强化效应,其内可见无强化低密度区;图4c,4d:实质期示肿块与正常肾实质分界清晰。Figure 4. A 53-year-old female with Fuhrman gradeⅢ ccRCC showing well-circumscribed tumor margin.Figure 4a,4b:Contrast-enhanced CT image in corticomedullary phase demonstrates a predominantly solid and heterogeneously enhancing mass in the mid portion of the right kidney,which shows no enhancement of the low density area.Figure 4c,4d:The tumor in nephrographic phase shows a well-circumscribed clear margin to the normal renal parenchyma.

图5 女,53岁。右肾ccRCC,分叶型(FuhrmanⅡ级)。图5a,5b:增强扫描皮质期示右肾下极不规则软组织团块影,呈明显不均匀强化效应,其内可见无强化低密度区;图5c,5d:实质期示肿块与正常肾实质分界清晰,呈分叶状。Figure 5. A 53-year-old female with Fuhrman gradeⅡccRCC showing lobulated tumor margin.Figure 5a,5b:The corticomedullary phase enhanced scan shows a lobulated mass of heterogeneous enhancement in the inferior pole of the right kidney with no enhancement of the low density area.Figure 5c,5d:The nephrographic phase shows lobulated tumor contour and well-defined tumor margin to the normal renal parenchyma.

3 讨论

ccRCC是肾细胞癌最常见的亚型,其生物学侵犯更明显,预后差[11-12]。Fuhrman分级是肾细胞癌应用最广泛的组织学分级系统[13],是预测ccRCC和乳头状肾细胞癌(PRCC)生物侵犯和转移能力的最有效参数[1-3],但是对肾嫌色细胞癌(CRCC)的预后意义不大。然而PRCC生物学行为上不如ccRCC活跃,所以本研究不纳入PRCC和CRCC的病例作为研究对象。

据报道,活组织检查判断肿瘤病理学类型的准确性达92%,而判断Fuhrman分级的准确性仅69.8%[14]。组织学评估Fuhrman分级的准确性低成为一个主要的问题,这部分病例的肿瘤侵袭性需要更精确的评估。此外,有研究[15-16]评估了针吸活检的充分性和准确性,其仅针对小肾肿瘤,不适用于较大肿瘤,对其不能提供病理分型和分级的完整信息,且活检是一种创伤性检查,因此,术前无创性预测ccRCC的病理Fuhrman分级是很有必要的,对临床治疗方案的制定及预后评估有重要意义。

CT是最常用于术前评估RCC的检查方法,术前评估ccRCC的Fuhrman分级有较高的临床意义:第一,ccRCC的首选治疗方法仍是手术治疗,随着外科手术技术的不断创新和发展,手术方式发展更趋于局限性切除,可减少术后并发症及后遗症的发生率。据报道[17-18],部分肾脏切除术和根治性肾切除术的预后无显著差异,临床疗效及肿瘤病理学结果是一致的。第二,在一些特殊情况下,尤其是在患者病情严重、身体条件差时,手术治疗并非是最佳的选择,而积极监测[19]、冷冻疗法[20]和射频消融[21]被证实是这类病人比较有效的治疗方法。因此,医生必须平衡利弊,选择个体化治疗方案。最佳的临床方案制定应结合病人病情、治疗有效性和肿瘤特点。

本研究中,93.3%的囊性ccRCC为低级别,仅1例囊性ccRCC为FuhrmanⅢ级。本研究结果与先前研究结果[7-8]一致,均证实囊性ccRCC比实性为主的ccRCC的Fuhrman分级低且预后好,事实证明囊性ccRCC中的恶性肿瘤细胞少于实性为主的ccRCC。本研究的结果提示囊性ccRCC可以考虑应用微创手术如保留肾单位手术或短期复查、随访的个体化治疗方式,使患者达到较好的预后。

本研究由于FuhrmanⅣ级的ccRCC病例数较少,部分CT征象中的阳性例数较少,因此将Ⅰ~Ⅱ级和Ⅲ~Ⅳ级分别定义为低级别和高级别进行单因素分析,并对高级别ccRCC进行多因素分析。

本研究显示肿瘤直径是预测高级别实性为主ccRCC的一个独立预测因素。肿瘤直径越大,Fuhrman分级越高,肿瘤潜在的侵袭性越高,与先前学者研究结果一致[22-23]。而Thompson等[24]研究表明肿瘤直径临界值7 cm为积极监测的关键点。Remzi等[25]报道直径3 cm是肿瘤侵袭性明显增加的临界值。这种肿瘤直径临界值的差异可能由于其样本量和分组方法不同造成的。

浸润型ccRCC Fuhrman分级越高,可能越反映了肿瘤的生物侵袭性越高。例如,肾细胞癌(Ⅱ型乳头状肾细胞癌[26]和集合管癌[27])的组织学侵犯在影像上通常表现为浸润性生长,肿瘤与周围组织分界不清。同样,在ccRCC中,组织病理学上浸润性生长常常提示预后不佳[3]。我们建议影像上表现为浸润性生长的ccRCC患者术前应合理选择治疗方案,对术后患者应密切进行监测和随访。

本研究显示坏死比≥0.6亦是预测高级别实性为主ccRCC的独立预测因素。有研究显示组织学坏死与肿瘤的侵袭性有关,包括高的肿瘤分级、分期以及肿瘤大小[28]。Xiong等[29]发现组织学坏死是生存的一个独立预测指标,并将坏死列入了SSIGN评分中。本研究认为高级别以实性为主ccRCC由于肿瘤侵袭性强,生长过快,其血液供应不足,最终导致大面积坏死,而CT上坏死区通常表现为无明显强化效应。此外,Zhang等[30]研究显示CT增强扫描中ccRCC强化程度在不同Fuhrman分级中有显著差异(P<0.001),高级别ccRCC在皮质期的强化程度明显减低。因为本研究小组的CT评估方法有所不同,评估肿瘤强化的能力可能有一定局限性,有待进一步研究。

先前报道,肿瘤越大,Fuhrman分级越高、病理分期越高、越容易发生转移[22,31]。然而,应认识到ccRCC FuhrmanⅡ级和Ⅲ级之间的一些CT表现是相同的,例如强化不均匀、钙化等。ccRCC具有显著强化不均匀的特点,与其病理学特征有关,其易发生透明样变、纤维或凝固性坏死,在Fuhrman分级中无显著差异。

本研究为单一机构的回顾性研究,以后将在本研究的基础上对ccRCC的Fuhrman分级与MDCT影像学特征的关系进行前瞻性研究,为更准确地判断病理和分级提供更好的理论依据。

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MDCT evaluation of the Fuhrman grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

LIU Ying-ying1,ZHANG Xue-ning1,HOU Wen-jing2
(1.The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300211,China;2.Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics,Tianjin 300100,China)

Objective:To investigate the relationship between MDCT findings and Fuhrman grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC).Materials andMethods:A retrospective analysis of MDCT manifestations of 113 patients with pathologically confirmed ccRCC,including 8 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅠ,60 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅡ,30 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅢ and 15 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅣ.The tumor characteristics,including tumor size,cystic versus solid,calcification,heterogeneity of lesions,percentage of non-enhancing necrotic ratio and growth pattern were noted independently by two radiologists,and statistical analysis was performed.Results:Fourteen of fifteen(93.3%)cystic ccRCC were low grade(Fuhrman gradesⅠ~Ⅱ).In predominantly solid ccRCC,twenty of twenty-seven(74%)infiltrative ccRCC were high grade(Fuhrman gradesⅢ~Ⅳ).Univariate analysis showed that larger tumor size(critical value 4 cm)had higher grade(χ2=11.441,P<0.001);calcification and necrotic ratio ≥0.6 were significantly more common in high grade ccRCC than in low grade ccRCC(χ2=29.007,P<0.001;χ2=18.454,P=0.030).Multivariate analysis showed tumor size,infiltrative growth and necrotic ratio≥0.6 were Fuhrman gradesⅢ~Ⅳ of three independent predictors(OR:0.122,P=0.002;OR:13.234,P=0.002;OR:12.891,P=0.031).Conclusion:Multidetector CT shows great application value in distinguishing Fuhrman grading system of ccRCC.Cystic ccRCC tends to have low grade.Infiltrative growth,larger tumor size and necrotic ratio≥0.6 may increase the likelihood of high grade predominantly solid ccRCC.

Kidney neoplasms;Tomography,spiral computed

R737.11;R814.42

A

1008-1062(2017)07-0507-06

2016-11-10;

2016-12-24

刘莹莹(1985-),女,天津人,满族,住院医师。E-mail:liuyingying9019@163.com

张雪宁,天津医科大学第二医院放射科,300211。E-mail:luckyxn@126.com

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