周进学 王征征 李庆军 王凯 展翔宇 陈勋 柴晓菲 冯稳
·短篇论著·
小儿胰母细胞瘤一例并文献复习
周进学 王征征 李庆军 王凯 展翔宇 陈勋 柴晓菲 冯稳
胰母细胞瘤是罕见胰腺外分泌肿瘤,也是儿童最常见的胰腺恶性肿瘤,平均发病年龄约5岁[1-3]。胰母细胞瘤至今报道200余例,涵盖婴儿、儿童、成人等不同时龄[2,4-5],因发病率较低,其诊断与治疗仍面临困难[6]。现报道郑州大学附属肿瘤医院1例确诊患儿,并结合相关文献,探讨胰母细胞瘤的临床特点与诊疗。
患儿女性,7岁。因“发现腹部包块3 d”入院,无恶心、呕吐,无腹痛,无发热,当地医院彩超提示右上腹实性包块,为明确诊断转入我院。体检:皮肤巩膜无黄染,腹部平软,右上腹可触及直径约10 cm质韧、界清包块,表面光滑,活动度差,无压痛、反跳痛。实验室检查:CEA、CA19-9正常,AFP 320.2 μg/L,ALT 352 U/L,AST 317 U/L。彩超提示右上腹低回声团块,大小约99 mm×72 mm,内部回声不均,界清,形态规则。CT示肝胃间类圆形团块,约95 mm×72 mm×78 mm,内见多发钙化灶,增强后轻度不均匀强化(图1),与胰头分界不清,考虑胰头来源的实性假乳头状瘤可能。准备完善后择期手术。术中见肿瘤位于胰头部,外凸型,质硬,腹腔淋巴结未见明显肿大,肿瘤与周围血管可分离,遂行“胰十二指肠切除加胆囊切除加腹膜后淋巴结扩大清扫术”。术后大体标本见图2。术后患儿恢复顺利,无并发症,术后12 d出院。病理检查:肿块大小约10 cm×9 cm×9 cm,类圆形,质硬,包膜完整;镜下见瘤细胞由上皮和间叶成分组成,混合成分中可见鳞状小体,无淋巴结转移;免疫组织化学染色:CK+,CD56-,CD9-9 +,CEA-,PAS+,B-Catenin+,Ki67+ 70%, PR+,NSE-,Vimentin-,insulin-,诊断为胰母细胞瘤(图3)。
检索2000至2016年Medline小儿胰母细胞瘤英文文献共25篇45例,中国生物期刊网文献34例,加上述1例,共80例患儿。其中男性50例,女性30例,发病年龄0~11岁,平均4.7岁;首发症状为腹部包块36例(45%);肿瘤大小1.5~19 cm,平均8.5 cm;肿瘤位于胰头部27例(33.8%),胰体、尾部42例(52.5%),11例肿瘤异位或不详;初诊时发生肝转移14例(17.5%),肺转移3例;血AFP升高38例(47.5%)。
图1 CT平扫见右上腹不均质包块伴钙化(1A ),增强后包块不均匀强化(1B)
图2 胰十二指肠切除术后创面(2A);术后大体标本(2B)
图3 病理见瘤细胞腺泡状排列(3A)及鳞状小体(3B、3C,HE ×100);CK +(3D),CD99 +(3E),PAS +(3F),B-Catenin+(3G),Ki67+(3H), PR+(3I)(免疫组织化学染色 ×100)
单纯手术切除40例(50%),手术切除联合术后化疗16例(20%),化疗后手术切除9例,单纯化疗8例。国外45例患儿中39例平均随访时间42.3个月(3~348个月),国内35例患儿中17例平均随访时间23.4个月,本例患儿随访2个月,未见复发。56例随访患儿的中位随访时间36.5个月。
讨论胰母细胞瘤是来源于胚胎胰腺干细胞的恶性肿瘤[7-8],儿童多见,男女均可发病,胰头部是最常见的发生部位,少数发生于异位胰腺组织[9-10]。小儿胰母细胞瘤发病隐匿,近30%患儿初诊时已发生远处转移或局部浸润[1,9,11],远处转移以肝转移最常见,其次为肺转移[11-13]。Horie等[14]、Chung等[15]将胰母细胞瘤分为腹侧胚肿瘤和背侧胚肿瘤,腹侧胚肿瘤不伴钙化,预后较好;背侧胚肿瘤常伴钙化且总体预后较差。
小儿胰母细胞瘤体积较大,边界清楚。影像学上表现为腹部类圆形或分叶状囊实性包块,不均质,有出血、坏死或钙化[16-17],与周围多个脏器紧密毗邻而不能准确判断肿瘤来源。胰母细胞瘤由上皮和间叶组织构成,瘤细胞呈多角形、梭形、腺泡状排列,多种不同细胞形态背景中可见鳞状小体,这是胰母细胞瘤病理特征性结构。
小儿胰母细胞瘤多数以上腹部不明包块就诊,早期通常无症状,晚期临床表现多样且无特异性,如上腹疼痛不适,偶有肿瘤压迫胆总管造成梗阻性黄疸或肿瘤侵犯周围胃、肠等器官造成消化道梗阻或出血[18-20]。具有神经内分泌功能的胰母细胞瘤可出现库欣综合征,先天性胰母细胞瘤患儿多合并Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征,表现为巨大儿、脏器肿大、多发器官畸形、低血糖等症状[4,21]。Chisholm等[4]报道14例胰母细胞瘤婴儿中50%合并有Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征。
胰母细胞瘤诊断主要依靠影像学检查,表现为肝胃间、上腹部或胰腺来源的不均质、钙化、类圆形肿块,增强后肿块不均匀强化。合并有AFP升高或转氨酶异常更应考虑胰母细胞瘤。研究表明,30%~65%胰母细胞瘤患儿合并AFP升高,AFP亦可作为胰母细胞瘤诊断、疗效观察和随访指标[22-24]。
胰母细胞瘤需与以下疾病鉴别:(1)胰腺实性假乳头状瘤。它好发于成年女性,多表现为单发、界清、不均质肿块。虽然两类肿瘤均可出现神经内分泌功能异常,但发病人群及病理学检查发现鳞状小体是胰母细胞瘤区别于胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的重要依据。此外,胰腺外分泌酶免疫组化染色对两者的鉴别也有帮助。(2)腺泡细胞癌。两种肿瘤均含丰富的腺泡细胞,但腺泡细胞癌不形成鳞状小体或角化株。(3)胰腺癌。胰腺癌常伴梗阻性黄疸症状,病理检查可见癌组织內结缔组织增生,而胰母细胞瘤导致梗阻性黄疸不常见,病理检查未见结缔组织增生。(4)肝癌和肝母细胞瘤。肝癌、肝母细胞瘤及胰母细胞瘤均可导致AFP及转氨酶异常,且肿块均可合并不同程度钙化,3种肿瘤体积较大时,界限往往不清,影像学难以辨别肿瘤来源,但肝癌和肝母细胞瘤多有肝脏疾病史或有肝硬化基础。总之,病理学检查和免疫组织化学染色仍是区别胰母细胞瘤与其他肿瘤的根本方法[25-28]。
对胰头部胰母细胞瘤可行胰十二指肠切除术(PD)以完整切除肿瘤,对胰体尾部胰母细胞瘤可行远端胰腺切除,必要时联合脾脏切除。因胰母细胞瘤对化疗敏感,因此化疗在肿瘤巨大、周围浸润、复发或存在远处转移时推荐应用[29-30]。
小儿胰母细胞瘤预后较差,总体5年生存率不足50%,肿瘤完整切除术后5年总体生存率可达65%,无法手术切除患者中位生存期仅36个月[5]。成人胰母细胞瘤的总体预后较儿童差[23,27]。Bien等[31]报道20例胰母细胞瘤患儿的临床研究发现,18例患儿接受化疗的5年生存率达60%,且首诊不能切除的部分患儿化疗后仍有手术完整切除的可能,多项研究也表明化疗能使胰母细胞瘤患儿受益[24,31-33]。
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(本文编辑:吕芳萍)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2017.05.013
国家自然科学基金(U1304818);河南省科技重点攻关项目(122102310056)
450008 郑州,河南省肿瘤医院 郑州大学附属肿瘤医院肝胆胰腺外科(周进学、王征征、李庆军、王凯、展翔宇、陈勋);病理科(柴晓菲、冯稳)
周进学, Email:zhoujx888@126.com
2016-09-18)