王林娜,景春梅,张玲,席琳乔
(塔里木大学动物科学学院/新疆生产建设兵团塔里木畜牧科技重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300)
不同种植年限紫花苜蓿和棉花轮作对土壤理化性质的影响
王林娜,景春梅,张玲,席琳乔
(塔里木大学动物科学学院/新疆生产建设兵团塔里木畜牧科技重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300)
【目的】研究阿克苏地区不同种植年限紫花苜蓿和苜蓿/棉花轮作,对土壤理化性质的影响。【方法】采集种植1~4 a的紫花苜蓿地、连作5 a棉花地和第5 a苜蓿轮作棉花地的0~10、10~20和20~40 cm土壤,测定土壤容重、全盐、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾。【结果】紫花苜蓿与棉花轮作能够降低pH;土壤容重随苜蓿种植年限的增加而降低,并且种植时间越长,改善效果越好;棉花连作土壤全盐含量最高,种植苜蓿和苜蓿与棉花轮作可以降低土壤全盐,苜蓿种植时间越长,土壤全盐降低越明显,苜蓿种植第四年全盐量比第一年降低50.5%,苜蓿/棉花全盐比棉花连作降低了41.7%;土壤有机质含量随苜蓿种植年限增加而增加;苜蓿/棉花轮作土壤土全氮含量最高,种植苜蓿地0~10 cm全氮含量呈增加趋势;种植苜蓿第四年的土壤碱解氮及速效磷含量最高,速效钾随苜蓿种植年限的增加而逐渐增加。【结论】阿克苏地区种植紫花苜蓿可显著降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机质和氮素含量,苜蓿、苜蓿/棉花轮作能够降低土壤盐分。
苜蓿;棉花;轮作;土壤盐分;理化性质
【研究意义】随着农业生产的规模化和集约化,为实现粮食或经济作物增产,普遍采用连作制度,忽视用养结合的土地利用方式,破坏了合理的轮作制度[1];同时大量使用化肥,破坏了土壤生态环境,引发土壤酸碱和养分失衡,土壤氮素污染的问题也日益凸显[2]。调整土壤养分管理和施肥技术体系[3],建立可持续发展的农作制度是解决这一问题的重要途径。土壤有机质是农田生态系统可持续能力的关键指示因子,种植紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)可以大幅度提高土壤的有机质含量[4-7],达到改良土壤、培肥地力的功效,促进后茬作物增产效果明显[5]。【前人研究进展】发达国家均以草业为主,实行草田轮作制度。利用多年生牧草与一年生作物倒茬轮换,既可保证牧草和作物产量,又能恢复和提高地力。Holford[6]等研究苜蓿根瘤固氮为后茬小麦提供充足的土壤氮元素;在我国半干旱地区,1 hm2的苜蓿地每年可固定氮270 kg,固氮量会随苜蓿种植年限的延长而逐年增加[7-13],可以增加土壤的有机质[8],同时改善土壤的团粒结构[9,14,15]。因此,苜蓿与其他粮食或经济作物轮作,苜蓿可作为良好的前茬,有效改良土壤,提高土壤肥力[10,16-21]。紫花苜蓿实行草粮轮作的最适宜年限在5~6年,紫花苜蓿的生长年限越短,土壤水分恢复效应越显著,经济产量和水分利用效率也越高[11]。小麦与苜蓿轮作时,土壤中的全氮、碱解氮、有机质、速效磷分别较小麦连作增加4.1%、15.6%、13.7%、35.7%[22-24]。【本研究切入点】研究对不同种植年限的苜蓿地、连作5 a的棉花地和前茬为连作5 a苜蓿的棉花地的不同土层的土壤理化性质进行分析,研究紫花苜蓿/棉花轮作对土壤理化性质的影响。【拟解决的关键问题】研究苜蓿与苜蓿-棉花轮作后对土壤理化性质的影响规律,选出适合当地的轮作模式,为农牧业可持续生产提供理论依据。
1.1 材 料
试验田位于新疆阿克苏地区温宿县沙河镇第一师5团,地理坐标N41°17′38.1″~41°21′35.9″,E80°40′07.1″~80°47′38.2″;灌区属典型的大陆性气候,昼夜温差悬殊,年均日照2 621 h,年均降水量79.3 mm,年均无霜期202 d。气候温和,热量丰富,光照充足。主要种植的有杨树、苹果、梨、杏、核桃、枣树、棉花、青贮玉米和苜蓿等。
在紫花苜蓿分枝期采集种植1a苜蓿(5102)、种植2a苜蓿(4209)、种植3a苜蓿(5201)、种植4a苜蓿(5504)、种植5a苜蓿轮作棉花(5310)和连作5a棉花(5107)土壤样品,按蛇形“S”5点取样法,分0~10、10~20和20~40 cm 三层取样。土壤风干过孔径2 mm和孔径0.149 mm筛,用于测定土壤理化性质。
1.2 方 法
土壤pH测定采用电位法;容重测定用环刀法;水溶性盐分测定用质量法;土壤全氮(TN)测定用重铬酸钾-硫酸消化-蒸馏法;土壤碱解氮(AHN)测定用碱解扩散法;速效磷(APh)测定用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法;速效钾(APo)测定用乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度法;有机质(SOM)测定采用重铬酸钾-硫酸消化法[24]。
1.3 数据处理
用Microsoft Excel 2007和DPS 6.55统计软件对数据进行处理,土壤脱盐率(%)=(初始土壤盐分-生育期末盐分)/初始土壤盐分×100%。
2.1苜蓿和苜蓿棉花轮作对土壤物理性质影响
研究表明,苜蓿/棉花轮作能够降低土壤pH值,其中10~20 cm降低效果比较好,苜蓿/棉花轮作10~20和20~40 cm的pH比苜蓿第1、2、3、4年低,比连作棉花0~10和10~20 cm pH低。种植苜蓿可以改善土壤容重,随苜蓿种植年限的增加改善效果越好,其中5504样地20~40 cm土壤容重均极显著低于其他样地(P<0.01),苜蓿/棉花各土层土壤容重比第1年种植苜蓿分别降低12.2%、14.1%和13.8%。棉花连作5年土壤各样层盐分含量均显著高于紫花苜蓿地(P<0.05),其次为苜蓿与棉花轮作,再次为第5年种植紫花苜蓿;苜蓿地在种植第2、3、4年20~40 cm的土层盐分逐渐降低(P<0.05)。苜蓿种植第1、2、3、4年各土层土壤全盐逐渐降低,苜蓿种植第4年各土层全盐量分别比苜蓿种植第1年降低48.0%、50.9%和52.7%,苜蓿/棉花轮作比棉花连作土壤全盐量分别降低69.4%、41.0%和31.1%。表1
研究表明,在0~10、10~20和20~40 cm土层,随着紫花苜蓿种植年限的增加,脱盐率增加,5504样地脱盐能力最强,5310样地脱盐率较低。图1
图1 不同种植年限苜蓿及苜蓿棉花轮作下土壤脱盐率
Fig.1 The effect of different cultivation years alfalfa and rotation cotton on soil desalinization rates
表1 不同轮作方式下土壤物理性质变化
Table 1 The effect of different rotation style on soil physical properties
指标Index样地Plot土层(cm) Soillayer0~1010~2020~40pH51028 15±0 05eD8 25±0 05dC8 43±0 03bB42098 37±0 07bAB8 43±0 02bAB8 57±0 02aA52018 36±0 04bcB8 38±0 01cB8 45±0 02ibB55048 46±0 01aA8 48±0 01aA8 56±0 02aA53108 23±0 02dCD8 20±0 02eC8 29±0 02cC51078 30±0 02cdBC8 22±0 01deC8 06±0 05dD容重D(g/cm3)51021 64±0 06bB1 55±0 05bB1 59±0 03aA42091 53±0 02cdC1 49±0 03bB1 57±0 04aA52011 78±0 05aA1 64±0 04aA1 57±0 03aA55041 58±0 02bcBC1 55±0 03bB1 46±0 02bB53101 49±0 04dC1 33±0 04cC1 37±0 04cC51071 38±0 03eD1 39±0 03cC1 32±0 03cC全盐TS(g/kg)51021 02±0 24bB2 24±0 22abAB2 07±0 30cB42090 96±0 36bB2 20±0 26abAB1 12±0 24dC52010 71±0 34bB1 15±0 13bB1 10±0 17dC55040 53±0 09bB1 10±0 77bB0 98±0 25dC53101 50±0 05bB2 83±0 48abAB2 73±0 26bB51074 90±0 68aA4 80±0 18aA3 96±0 41aA
注:表中数据为平均值±标准误。同列不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著,不同大写字母表示在0.01水平上差异极显著,下同
Notes: Values are mean ± SD. Different lower case and capital letters within the same column indicated significant difference at 0.05 level and 0.01 levels, respectively. The same as below
2.2苜蓿和苜蓿/棉花轮作对土壤化学性质的影响
研究表明,随苜蓿种植年限的增加土壤有机质总体呈升高的趋势,其中20~40 cm变化比较规律,0~10 cm有机质含量高于其他层土壤;5504和5107样地有机质含量最高(P<0.01),苜蓿种植第4年各土层有机质分别比苜蓿种植第1年升高14.0%、22.3%和10.6%,棉花连作20~40 cm土层有机质比第4年苜蓿同土层降低23.4%;5310的有机质较低(P<0.01)。随着苜蓿种植年限延长全氮呈增加,0~10 cm土层的全氮由0.18 g/kg上升到0.21 g/kg,4209和5504样地显著高于5102与5201样地(P<0.05)。5310样地的全氮含量最高0.37 g/kg,分别比第年苜蓿各土层增加41.9%、47.1%和62.2%;5107样地全氮含量最低。碱解氮随苜蓿种植年限增加而呈升高的趋势,5504的含量最高(P<0.01)。5504样地0~10、20~40 cm碱解氮含量高于5310和5107(P<0.01),分别比苜蓿/棉花轮作增加33.4%、33.8%和40.5%。随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,速效磷含量成增加趋势,5504含量最高(P<0.01),但5201较低,5107速效磷高于5310样地,种植第4年苜蓿速效磷比种植第1年苜蓿分别增加94.6%、84.6%和61.9%;土壤速效钾随苜蓿种植年限延长逐渐增加,5504样地的速效钾最高,0~10 cm速效钾5310高于5107样地,提高了32.1%。表2
表2 不同轮作方式下土壤化学性质变化
Table 2 The effect of different rotation style on soil chemical properties
指标Index样地Plots土层(cm) Soillayer0~1010~2020~40有机质(g/kg)510214 16±0 25dC11 58±0 16fE10 79±0 27cC420915 61±0 05cB12 94±0 04cC11 72±0 15bB520113 51±0 09eD11 77±0 05eE11 82±0 05bAB550416 46±0 18bA14 91±0 03bB12 07±0 04aA531012 42±0 04fE12 16±0 13dD9 10±0 10dD510716 78±0 27aA16 23±0 05aA9 25±0 02dD全氮(N)(g/kg)51020 18±0 01cBC0 18±0 02bB0 14±0 02bcB42090 20±0 02bcB0 16±0 01bcB0 16±0 01bB52010 14±0 01dC0 12±0 02dC0 12±0 01cB55040 21±0 02bB0 15±0 01cB0 14±0 03bcB53100 31±0 02aA0 34±0 02aA0 37±0 01aA51070 09±0 02eD0 04±0 01eD0 04±0 02dC碱解氮(N)(mg/kg)510237 17±0 11cC37 10±0 22cC27 86±0 18bB420945 79±0 65bB36 59±0 29cC18 17±0 31dC520118 53±0 15eE27 75±0 15dD27 83±0 04bB550455 68±0 27aA55 74±0 26bB46 26±0 35aA531037 09±0 27cC36 92±0 32cC27 52±0 19bcB510736 13±0 21dD73 61±0 89aA27 40±0 11cB速效(P)(mg/kg)51021 37±0 33eD2 40±0 15dD2 45±0 13dC420921 89±3 46bA10 40±1 09bB4 93±0 58cB52011 40±0 27eD1 70±0 14dD1 82±0 24dC550425 41±1 58aA15 60±0 80aA6 43±0 89bB53106 15±0 49dC6 88±1 76cC2 88±0 62dC510714 69±1 62cB10 12±1 03bB11 93±1 19aA速效钾(K)(mg/kg)510257 00±3 93cdCD84 44±5 02bB44 27±4 12cC420967 59±8 59bcBC48 63±3 74dD30 52±4 24eD520172 92±5 93bB63 34±2 31cC53 96±4 41bB550489 69±8 07aA100 79±4 01aA60 02±1 89bB531068 55±6 77bBC37 89±2 49eE36 88±2 69dCD510746 57±2 81dD63 41±4 63cC79 46±3 29aA
苜蓿/棉花轮作能够降低土壤pH,差异显著,可能由于苜蓿根系腐烂分解出一些酸性物质,导致土壤pH值降低,而且降低幅度较小,因此,轮作改善土壤pH需要长期的轮作种植,王占军等[25]研究紫花苜蓿与鲜食玉米轮作周期24个月土壤pH相比于对照升高0.78,且呈现轮作周期越长pH有所升高的趋势。种植苜蓿和苜蓿/棉花轮作可以降低土壤容重,这与宋丽萍等[26]研究苜蓿连续单作导致耕层土壤容重增加,土壤易板结紧实,轮作小麦、玉米、马铃薯、谷子等后茬作物可显著降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度的结果一致;种植1~4年苜蓿0~20容重变化不规律,可能受苜蓿收获机械的影响比较大,20~40 cm变化比较规律;棉花连作的容重最低,是由于每年的棉秆粉碎还田,增加有机质、棉秆腐烂速度比较慢所引起的。种植绿肥(牧草)、草田轮作可以降低土壤盐分,试验区种植苜蓿1~4年和苜蓿/棉花轮作均降低了土壤盐分,由于苜蓿可以吸收部分盐分,另外可能种植苜蓿改善土壤的结构,增加了脱盐能力,与虎德钰[27]苜蓿后茬轮作玉米、高粱、马铃薯,谷子等作物,轮作2年含盐量分别为0.33和0.31 g/kg,比苜蓿连作2年盐分0.41和0.34 g/kg分别降低0.08和0.02 g/kg,得出草田轮作随着轮作周期增加可降低土壤含盐量的相同结论。种植1~4年苜蓿能够不同程度提高土壤有机质的含量,随苜蓿种植年限增加,积累有机质越多,20~40 cm比较规律,可能是受到干扰比较少,相对比较稳定,0~20 cm的土壤有机质受影响的因素比较多,但是总体上层有机质高于下层,主要是枯枝落叶在表层,其次是根系分布在0~10 cm比较多,石凤翎等[28]研究指出,连作3年苜蓿后翻耕种植冬小麦,0~40 cm土层有机质含量比单作年小麦提高17.5%,棉花连作土壤有机质比较高,由于每年的棉秆粉碎还田,秸秆量比较多,增加了土壤有机质所引起,而苜蓿地的土壤有机质主要包括苜蓿的枯枝落叶以及根系的腐烂和分解,相对较少。苜蓿/棉花轮作和棉花连作0~10与10~20 cm有机质变化不大,可能由于翻耕,对土壤进行了混匀,也有可能表层分解速度较快引起的。苜蓿种植第年0~20 cm土壤有机质略有下降,由于苜蓿在生长过程中,自身对养分的消耗增加和土壤肥力的差异所致。
全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量随紫花苜蓿种植年限的增加而增加;速效钾种植年限增加而降低[24]。5201样地各层土壤全氮含量最低,因为随着苜蓿的生长,其自身消耗了一部分全氮或土壤肥力的差异。苜蓿/棉花土壤全氮含量最高,连作5年棉花土壤全氮含量最低,苜蓿固氮作用。5107样地各土层全氮含量极显著低于其它样地,碱解氮含量却保持较高水平,多年种植苜蓿后,可显著提高土壤全氮含量,碱解氮也相应增加。0~10 cm土壤速效钾含量随苜蓿种植年限的增加而逐渐上升,种植苜蓿可以使土壤中速效钾的养分增加。土壤各种养分在5201样地较低,可能是土壤肥力的差异。
苜蓿/棉花轮作能够降低土壤pH;种植苜蓿能够降低土壤容重,苜蓿、苜蓿/棉花轮作能够降低土壤盐分含量,苜蓿种植时间越长,土壤容重、全盐降低越显著;随苜蓿种植年限增加土壤有机质含量、全氮和速效钾而增加;苜蓿种植第年的碱解氮和速效磷含量较高;种植苜蓿可改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力。
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EffectsofDifferentCultivationYearsAlfalfaandRotationCottononSoilPhysical&ChemicalProperties
WANG Lin-na, JING Chun-mei, ZHANG Ling, XI Lin-qiao
(CollegeofAnimalScience,TarimUniversity/KeyLaboratoryofTarimAnimalHusbandryScienceandTechnologyofXinjiangProduction&ConstructionCorps,AlarXinjiang843300,China)
【Objective】 The effects of different cultivation years alfalfa and alfalfa/cotton rotation on the physical and chemical properties were studied in the Aksu area of Xinjiang.【Method】The soils were collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm depth from different plots, including 5 years of continuous planting of cotton field, five years alfalfa rotation planting cotton field, and planting alfalfa from 1st year to 4th year field. The soil bulk density, total salt, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were measured.【Result】The rotation can reduce pH. Planting alfalfa can decrease SBD. The SBD was reduced with increased alfalfa planting years. The longer the planting time, the better the SBD effect. The surface layer SBD was highest than that of other layers. The content of total salt (TS) was reduced in planting alfalfa and alfalfa rotation cotton field. The longer the alfalfa cultivation period, the more obviously the TS reduction. The TS in the fourth year of alfalfa field was decreased by 50.5% than that of the first year alfalfa. The TS of alfalfa rotation cotton was reduced by 41.7% than that of continuous cropping cotton. Planting alfalfa can increase the soil organic matter (SOM), the SOM was increased obviously with the increased alfalfa planting years. The total nitrogen content was highest in alfalfa/cotton rotation plot than others. The total nitrogen content of 0 -10 cm soil was highest in planting alfalfa plots than those of 10-40 cm, and 10-40 cm, total nitrogen content was not changed obviously. The alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus content were highest in 4th year planting alfalfa field. The available potassium content was increased gradually with alfalfa planting years prolonged. 【Conclusion】Planting alfalfa in Aksu area can significantly reduce soil bulk density, increase the soil organic matter and nitrogen content of alfalfa, and alfalfa / cotton rotation can reduce soil salinity.
alfalfa; rotation; cotton; soil; physical and chemical properties
XI Lin-qiao(1978-),,(E-mail)gsxlq666@163.com
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.08.019
2016-12-31
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金资助(CARS35-44)
王林娜(1990-),女,新疆阿克苏人,在读硕士生,研究方向为牧草生产与加工,(E-mail)997950046@qq.com
席琳乔(1978-),男,甘肃镇原人,副教授,博士,研究方向为牧草生产与加工,(E-mail)gsxlq666@163.com
S551+7
:A
:1001-4330(2017)08-1523-08
Supported by: Special Fund for the Construction of Modern Agricultural Technology System(CARS35-44)