孙雪峰,王晓霞,袁新宇,钟玉敏*,杨 梅,张晓伦,邹继珍
(1.首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院放射科,3.外科,4.病理科,北京 100020;2.上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心影像诊断中心,上海 200127)
儿童肝脏局灶性结节增生的CT表现与病理特征
孙雪峰1,王晓霞2,袁新宇1,钟玉敏2*,杨 梅1,张晓伦3,邹继珍4
(1.首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院放射科,3.外科,4.病理科,北京 100020;2.上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心影像诊断中心,上海 200127)
目的探讨儿童肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的CT影像特点与病理特征。方法收集经病理证实的13例FNH患儿,术前均进行CT平扫及增强扫描,分析病灶形态、大小、密度、增强模式等影像学特点,并与病理对照。结果本组13例患儿共16个病灶,病灶位于右叶8个,位于左叶5个,累及2个肝叶3个。瘤体最长径约5.5~11.5 cm,中位最长径为7.5 cm。2例为典型FNH,11例为非典型FNH。12例病灶形态规则,1例见包膜。CT平扫1例为等密度,余12例为低密度;2例典型FNH见裂隙状、星芒状低密度中央瘢痕。增强扫描动脉期12例明显强化,1例轻度强化,中心瘢痕未见强化,其中12例见明显增粗纡曲的动脉;门静脉期强化程度均不同程度减低,10例呈稍高密度,2例呈等密度,1例呈低密度,2例中央瘢痕轻度强化;延迟期病灶实质部分强化程度持续下降,12例呈等密度,1例呈稍低密度,2例中央瘢痕延迟期强化呈稍高密度。结论儿童FNH的CT表现多样,但有一定特征性,CT平扫及增强扫描可反映其病理变化,了解其CT影像特点,结合临床特征,有助于早期诊断。
肝脏;局灶性结节增生;儿童;体层摄影术,X线计算机;病理
肝脏局灶性结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia, FNH)是一种少见的肝脏良性病变,仅占儿童肝脏肿瘤的2%。随着影像技术的发展,儿童FNH的检出率逐渐增加,但由于其影像学表现多样,术前定性诊断困难。部分FNH可自行消退,目前临床主要以随访为主,因此正确的影像学诊断对制定治疗方案有重要意义[1-3]。目前有关FNH影像报道多为成人研究,对于儿童FNH的影像报道鲜见。笔者收集13例经病理证实的儿童FNH,分析其CT影像表现和临床病理特征。
1.1一般资料 分析2007年11月—2016年9月于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院和上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心、行CT检查并经病理证实的13例FNH患儿的临床和影像资料,其中男5例,女8例,年龄10个月~12岁,中位年龄5.3岁。临床表现为腹部不适8例,腹部膨隆2例,腹部包块3例。实验室检查:11例患儿肝功能正常,2例谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)稍高,分别为55 U/L、62 U/L,其中1例天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)稍高,为45 U/L;肿瘤标志物均正常。
1.2仪器与方法 采用GE LightSpeed 16层或Discovery HD750螺旋CT扫描机,哭闹不合作患儿给予10%水合氯醛(0.25~0.50 ml/kg体质量)镇静,扫描时取仰卧位。扫描参数:管电压100~120 kV,管电流100~150 mA,扫描层厚0.625 mm或1.25 mm,螺距1~1.375。增强扫描采用非离子对比剂(350 mgI/ml),采用高压注射器经前臂静脉团注,流率1.0~2.5 ml/s,剂量1.5~2.0 ml/kg体质量,注射后15~20 s、50~60 s、3~5 min分别获得动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期图像。
1.3图像分析 采用GE AW 4.2工作站,由2名放射科医师共同阅片,取得一致意见作为最终结果。对病灶位置、形态、大小、包膜及边界情况、平扫密度、增强强化情况及周围血管情况等进行分析。
1.4病理分析 根据病理,将FNH分为典型和非典型,典型FNH诊断标准:病灶组织学上有特征性的由纤维结缔组织和扭曲的血管组成的中央纤维瘢痕,并向外形成放射状纤维间隔,纤维间隔旁围绕由无明显异形性的肝细胞形成的硬化样结节,肿瘤实质含增生的胆管及畸形血管;非典型FNH存在胆管增生、结构异常的结节或畸形的血管[4-5],无中央瘢痕。
13例FNH中11例单发,其中典型FNH 2例,非典型FNH 9例;2例多发(1例2个病灶,1例3个病灶),均为非典型FNH,共16个病灶。病灶位于肝右叶8个,左叶5个,累及左右两叶3个。累及一个肝段的病灶4个,均为非典型FNH;累及2个肝段的病灶10个,2例为典型FNH,余均为非典型FNH;各有1个病灶累及3个和4个肝段。2个典型FNH,病理见由纤维结缔组织及扭曲血管组成的中央瘢痕,并向外形成纤维间隔,间隔旁见肝细胞组成的结节。14个非典型FNH病灶内均未见中央瘢痕,病灶内纤维间隔短且不连续,可见脂肪变性及汇管区炎症;1例病灶周缘有炎性细胞浸润的纤维分隔,形成假包膜。
2.1病变形态及大小 CT显示15个病灶形态规则,呈类圆形或类椭圆形;1例非典型FNH病灶呈不规则形,弥漫累及肝左叶及右前叶上段。病灶均较大,15个形态规则病灶最长径约5.5~11.5 cm,中位最长径7.5 cm;1例形态不规则形病灶最大截面约22.5 cm×10.5 cm。
2.2CT平扫表现 CT平扫示所有病灶均呈实性,2例典型FNH病灶中心见稍低密度星状瘢痕或巨大裂隙影(图1A),余病灶密度均匀。与周围正常肝实质比较,1例典型FNH病灶与周围肝实质密度相当,余12例15个病灶密度均低于周围肝实质,CT值约50~60 HU(图2A)。
2.3CT增强表现 增强扫描病灶强化方式多样,12例表现为动脉期明显强化。2例2个典型FNH表现为典型的强化模式:动脉期肿瘤实质明显均匀强化,中央可见星芒状无强化区,CT值约100 HU(图1B),病灶周缘及病灶内可见明显强化的纡曲肝动脉分支血管;门静脉期全瘤仍表现为高密度,中央瘢痕呈轻度强化(图1C);延迟期中央瘢痕持续强化且范围扩大,密度稍高于肝实质,瘢痕面积消失或减小(图1D)。余11例患儿14个非典型FNH病灶增强模式欠典型,均未见中央瘢痕,其中10例患儿12个病灶动脉期显著均匀强化,CT值约95~120 HU,病灶周缘及病灶内可见纡曲肝动脉分支血管(图2B);门静脉期病灶仍持续强化,密度有所增高,CT值约115~140 HU,稍高于或接近同层肝实质密度(图2C);延迟期病灶呈等密度(图2D)。1例2个病灶动脉期轻度均匀强化,CT值约75 HU,病灶周缘见纤细的肝动脉分支血管,病灶内未见肝动脉分支血管走行;门静脉期及延迟期病灶强化程度增加,但均低于周围肝实质,肝内见门静脉肝静脉瘘,门静脉左内支瘤样扩张与肝左静脉相通。所有患儿肝内外胆管均未见扩张。
2.4边缘及包膜 16个FNH病灶中仅1个非典型FNH可见不完整包膜,平扫边缘较清楚,病理上病灶周缘见有炎性细胞浸润的纤维分隔,形成假包膜;余15个病灶CT平扫表现为边缘模糊,均未见包膜。增强后所有病灶边缘显示清楚,且均位于肝脏被膜下,11个病灶突出于肝脏轮廓外。手术及术后病理均见病灶表面光滑,未见真性包膜。
3.1FNH概述 1995年,为区别于肝脏腺瘤(真性肿瘤),慢性肝炎、肝移植排斥和肝结节性病变国际工作组将FNH定义为肝脏再生性病变[6],多见于30~50岁女性[7],儿童罕见。FNH的实验室检查缺乏特异性,多显示肝酶正常[8],本组11例患者肝功能正常,2例GGT及AST增高,可能与FNH病灶内胆汁淤积有关。FNH的发病机制尚不明确,目前认为是血管畸形或血管受损所致的反应性增生[2,9-10],本组1例患儿并发门静脉肝静脉瘘。
3.2FNH的CT表现及其病理对照 根据影像及病理表现可将FNH分为典型和非典型;非典型又分为腺瘤样型、混合性增生型及毛细胆管扩张型,由于常继发脂肪变及出血坏死,因此其影像学表现多样[9]。FNH属富血供病灶,出血坏死罕见。病理上FNH由正常肝细胞增生构成,因此CT平扫与正常肝组织密度相差不大。笔者认为由于FNH病灶常存在脂肪变性、小胆管的淤滞,因此导致本组12例病灶密度较正常肝实质减低。病灶边缘与病变有无包膜有关,本组平扫15个病灶边界模糊,均未见包膜;1个平扫边缘清楚的病灶术后病理证实存在假包膜。Choi等[11]报道FNH中央瘢痕的发生率约为35.7%,本组发生率约15.38%(2/13),考虑与样本量不同有关。本组2例典型病灶的中央瘢痕出现延迟强化,与瘢痕内壁厚、管腔狭窄、畸形血管有关,其可导致对比剂充盈缓慢、廓清延迟[12-14]。
本组13例FNH患儿12例增强扫描动脉期明显强化,FNH病灶为肝动脉单独供血,因此较含门静脉血液的双重供血的正常肝实质动脉期强化明显。本组12例可见增粗纡曲的供血动脉,考虑与病灶体积较大,营养需求大有关。本组1例非典型FNH病例(2个病灶),平扫呈稍低密度,动态扫描强化低于周围肝实质,考虑与病灶内脂肪变有关,该例患儿并发门静脉肝静脉瘘,肝内血流灌注异常。Ferlicot等[2]研究表明,85%的非典型FNH存在病灶内脂肪,非典型FNH可自发发生退变[15-16],亦提示非典型FNH的组织构成更复杂,因此影像表现多样。
图1 患儿女,5岁,典型FNH A.CT平扫示病灶累及肝右叶,边缘模糊,密度稍低于周围肝实质,中央见裂隙状瘢痕呈更低密度; B.CT增强动脉期中央瘢痕未见强化,病灶其他部分明显强化; C.门静脉期中央瘢痕大部强化,病灶密度高于周围肝实质; D.延迟期病灶中央瘢痕持续强化,病灶其他部分呈等密度 图2 患儿女,3岁,非典型FNH A.CT平扫示病灶累及肝右前叶,密度均匀,稍低于周围肝实质; B.CT增强动脉期病灶均匀明显强化,病灶边缘及病灶内见纡曲动脉; C.门静脉期病灶密度高于周围肝实质; D.延迟期病灶呈等密度
3.3鉴别诊断 儿童典型FNH的CT增强扫描以中央瘢痕为其特征性表现,术前多可进行正确诊断,但在诊断儿童不典型FNH时尚需与以下病变相鉴别。①血管瘤,典型血管瘤的增强方式是动脉期病灶边缘环形强化,而FNH在动脉期为均匀强化;但最大径小于3 cm的血管瘤也可早期均匀强化,并一直延续至延迟期,与FNH难以鉴别。②肝腺瘤,强化方式与FNH类似,鉴别困难,但其有包膜,肿瘤内可有出血及自发破裂的倾向。
CT和MRI在明确FNH的诊断方面有重要的参考价值,虽然CT存在辐射,但采用低剂量的扫描方案和必要的屏蔽防护可大大减少患儿所受辐射。虽然MRI无辐射,但检查时间长,易受肠管及呼吸运动伪影影响,对患儿的镇静要求相对高,且目前在辐射与镇静药物间对小儿的损害尚存在争论,因此,目前CT仍是评价儿童肝脏肿瘤最常用的方法。
总之,儿童FNH的CT影像表现多样,了解其CT影像特点,结合临床特征,有助于与其他肝脏肿瘤相鉴别。
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CT manifestations and clinical pathology features of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in children
SUN Xuefeng1, WANG Xiaoxia2, YUAN Xinyu1, ZHONG Yumin2﹡, YANG Mei1, ZHANG Xiaolun3, ZOU Jizhen4
(1.Department of Radiology, 3.Department of Surgery, 4.Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; 2.Diagnostic Imaging Center,Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the CT features of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in children.MethodsThirteen patients with FNH, which was confirmed by postoperative pathology, were enrolled retrospectively. Plain and contrast CT were performed on all patients before operation. The CT imaging features of FNH including size, shape, density, style of contrast were analyzed retrospectively and compared with pathology.ResultsThere were 13 patients with 16 lesions, 8 lesions were found in the right lobe, 5 lesions in the left lobe and 3 lesions involving both lobes. The tumor size ranged from 5.5 cm to 11.5 cm (media size 7.5 cm) in diameter. Histologically, 2 cases were typical type, 11 cases were atypical type. The lesions were regular morphology in 12 cases and 1 case with capsule. On plain CT, the lesions were isodensity (n=1) or slightly low-density (n=12). In 2 typical type lesions, there were slit-like, stellate-shaped low density central scars. Arterial phase demonstrated that 12 cases were significantly enhanced and 1 case showed mild enhancement. The central scar was not enhanced. In 12 cases, thickened and torturous arteries were seen. The enhancement was reduced at the portal venous phase in all the lesions, with 10 cases showing slightly higher density, 2cases isodensity and 1 case low-density. Two cases showed mild enhancement of the central scar. The enhancement of the solid portion in all lesions decreased at the delay phase, with 12 cases showing isodensity and 1 case slightly low density. Two cases with central scar showed delayed enhancement with slightly higher density.ConclusionThe CT features of FNH in children are diversified but distinctive which are related with postoperative pathological findings. Combining with clinical symptoms and CT features can be helpful for the early diagnosis of FNH in children.
Liver; Focal nodular hyperplasia; Child; Tomography, X-ray computed; Pathology
孙雪峰(1974—),男,山西大同人,硕士,副主任医师。研究方向:儿科影像诊断。E-mail: sun_xuefeng@sina.com
钟玉敏,上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心影像诊断中心,200127。E-mail: zyumin2002@163.com
2017-03-27 [
] 2017-07-18
10.13929/j.1003-3289.201703152
R735.7; R814.42
A
1003-3289(2017)09-1293-04