张良
摘 要:大学英语四、六级考试中最难得分的一项就是写作,而中国学生由于文化背景、思维方式、表达习惯的不同,往往会在写作中犯一些“低级”错误。如最简单的主谓一致。为帮助学生纠正写作中出现的此类错误,本文拟从主谓一致的原则、句型、词性等方面进行探讨。
关键词:英语;写作;主谓一致
英语写作中的主谓一致,主要是讲句子的谓语动词必须同主语的人称和数一致。主谓一致要遵循语法、概念和相邻一致的原则,因此,在实际运用中,必须牢记以下几项原则。
一、主谓一致三原则
1.语法一致原则
句子的谓语动词必须同主语的数一致,这一原则只表现在动词的现在时以及be动词的现在和过去时。例如:①The sky is blue;②Those books I saw yesterday were interesting.
2.概念一致原则
句子的谓语动词和主语的数的一致是根据实际概念,而不是根据语法形式。例如:Her family always comes first in her mind.他心里总是想着家。(“家”作为“整体”概念)
The family all live together 全家人住在一起。(“家”作为“全体成员”概念)
注意:某些主语的形式是复数,但在概念上是单数,因而谓语动词用单数。
二、某些句型中的主谓一致
1.“there be﹢主语”句型
(1)在“there be﹢简单主语”中,谓语动词的数取决于be后面的主语的数。例如:①There is a song in my heart;②There are 30 students in my class.
(2)在“there be﹢并列主语”中,谓语动词的数同它邻近的主语一致。例如:①There is a boy and three old men under the tree;②There is some paper,a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk.
2.疑问句中的谓语动词通常与它邻近的主语的人称和数的一致。例如:①Where is she and her babies to go tomorrow?②Are you or she to stay here?
3.在“it is...that/which/who...”句型中,如果That/which/who用作从句的主语,从句中谓语动词的人称和数必须同that/which/who的先行词一致。例如:①It is the people who make history.②It is Mary who is sweeping the floor.
三、并列主语的主谓一致
1.由and连接的联合结构作主语
(1)如果and后面的那个名词前加了冠词,主语是复数,则谓语动词用复数。例如:①My friend and the classmate Mark are in the classroom;②Jack and his wife are my close friends.
(2)如果and后面的那两个名词前没有冠词,and连接的两个名词是指相同一个人、同一件事或者同一概念,则谓语动词应用单数。
The bread and butter is served for breakfast.
My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.
類似的and具有with的含义,指同一个概念的还有:the needle and thread针线;a knife and fork一副刀叉;doctor and writer医生兼作家;the ebb and flow盛衰:涨落。
2.由with,along with,like,accompanied by,besides,as well as,together with,in addition to,including,no less than,rather than,as much as引起的结构跟在主语后面,该主语不受这些修饰词和词组的影响。例如:①Tom,as well as John,is away today;②His sister no less than you is wrong.
注意:有时在with结构里,加上with之后,with就具有and的含义,谓语动词用复数。例如:One man with his wife,both looking very anxious,were asking the guard to let them through;
3.both...and连接的并列主语,谓语动词要用复数。例如:Both industry and agriculture have been greatly developed since the nations reform.
四、集合名词作主语的主谓一致
1.某些集合名词作主语,谓语动词用复数,这类集合名词有:cattle,clergy,police,vermin等。例如:These cattle are on their way to market.
2.某些集合名词作主语,如果当作整体看,谓语动词用单数,如果当作个体看,谓语动词用复数。这类集合名词有:band,audience,board,cavalry,choir,class,committee,crowd,crew,crowd,family,gentry,jury,nation,party,poultry,regiment,school,squad,team.例如:①The audience was enormous.(听众人数很多);②The audience were enjoying every minute of it.(听众自始自终都很欣赏);③The crew was large.(有很多乘务人员);③The crew were all tired.(乘务员个个都很累了)endprint
五、数词作主语的主谓一致
1.基数词作主语,谓语动词通常用单数。但如果基数词表示两个或更多的人或事物时,谓语动词则用复数。例如:①In their system of numbers 60 was a very important number;②Twelve were absent.
2.算术式作主语,谓语动词通常用单数,但有时也用复数。例如:Five from nine is four.
2 and 2 is/are four.
3.分数(百分数)﹢of﹢名词作主语,谓语动词用单数或复数主要取决于of后面的名词的数。如果是可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数。如果是可数名词的单数或不可数名词,谓语动词通常用单数。
六、书籍,杂志或报刊名称作主语以及字母单词作主语的主谓一致
1.书籍,杂志或报刊名称是复数名词或用and连接的单数名词作主语,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:①The Times is a paper of long standing;②Crime and Punishment is perhaps the best-constructed of Dostopevskys novel.
2.字母单词或符号作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例如:①No is his usual reply to any request;②㎡:means m×m.
注意:以-s结尾的表示山脉,海峡瀑布群岛等的专有名词作主语时,谓语动词往往应复数。例如:①Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls;②The Philippines lie to the southeast of China.
总之,英语写作中的主谓一致看似简单,实则相当复杂,这就需要我们在写作中注意主谓一致的一些特殊情况。这样才能在行文中写出符合英文表达习惯的英语作文。
参考文献:
[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[2]袁懋梓.实用大学英语语法[M].北京:外語教学与研究出版社,2003.
[3]李玉林,王开玉,陆建非.当代大学英语实用语法[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1999.endprint