高中英语写作语言手段探究

姜加琴

2016年高考渐行渐远，2017年高考即将来临。在高考中，一分之差，天壤之别。如何在高考英语写作中胜券在握成为众考生关注的热点话题。写作的目的是考查考生整合信息和信息表达，并用适当短语、句型等语言手段产生出连贯语篇的能力。笔者通过长期的教学实践和高考阅卷体验，现总结一些常用的语言表达手段，掌握这些语言手段对提高写作能力一定有所帮助。

一、同位语手段

[典型例题] 信息点：

书名： Richards Future作者：Amy Lin， 美籍华人， 中文版：2014年初开始在中国销售

信息表达：A book， Richards Future， written by Amy Lin， an AmericanChinese， has been sold in China since the beginning of 2014.

（Richards Future 作a book的同位语， an AmericanChinese 作Amy Lin的同位语）

翻译：上学期，我参加了名为“英语角”的社团活动。“英语角”是用来帮助学生提高英语口语和笔头英语能力的组织。

Last term I participated in the “English Corner”， an organization that helps students improve their skills in oral English and written English.

二、主题的呈现手段

在呈现主题时要用到的词语有很多， 简单的有about， on， as to等，复杂的有concerning， regarding， with respect to等。

[典型例题] 信息点：这次交流会引发了中美教育方式孰优孰劣的讨论。

信息表达：The Exchange Conference has received a heated discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese and American educational ways.

1. 翻译： 上周末我校在3500名学生中进行了有关“学习负担”的相关问题调查。

Last weekend， a survey about “The Burden of Study” was carried out （conducted） among 3500 students in our school.

2. 翻译： 最近， 你班就“高三学生是否需要锻炼来保持健康”展开了讨论。

Recently we have had a discussion in a class meeting about whether Senior 3 students should take exercises to keep fit.

三、观点的呈现手段

在表达观点时可用短语如according to sb.（根据某人的看法），in my opinion / in my view（在我看来，我认为），from ones point of view（在某人看来），as far as Im concerned（对我而言）， as for（至于……，就……而言）等， 也可用句型如sb. believes / thinks / claims，sb. told us that...，sb. pointed out that...（某人指出）等。

[典型例題] 专家解读（王教授）：沉溺于上网学生

（1）发生率：略高于50%

（2）人数：世界第一

信息表达：According to Professor Wang， slightly more than half of the school children in our country are addicted to surfing the Internet， ranking first in the world.

1. 翻译：我的看法是我们应保护自然资源，减少环境污染。

In my opinion， we should try to protect natural resources and decrease environment pollution.

2. 翻译：依我看， 合作需要有效的交流， 没有它人们会盲目地做事情。

From my point of view， cooperation calls for effective communication， without which people will do things blindly.

四、百分比的表达

在表达百分比时可用如下形式：

1. （1）70% of... （2）seventy percent of... （3）70 percent of the...（注意：考生最易漏用of）

2. 其他一些关于比例的表达手段。如：

（1）一半：half of the... =fifty percent of the...

（2）四分之一（25%）：a quarter of =25 percent of the...

（3）四分之三（75%）：three quarters of =75 percent of the...

3. 分数表达法：分子是基数词， 分母是序数词。如：endprint

1/4：one fourth2/3：two thirds

7/8：seven eighths

五個当中有三个：three out of five，three in five

[典型例题] 信息点：

相关数据： （1）（目前中国）吸烟人数： 约35亿

（2）分布：男性75%， 女性：25%

信息表达：Currently China has about 350 million smokers， among whom 75 percent are men and 25 percent are women.

五、建议的表达手段

在文章中要提出各种建议时可采用以下短语：advise sb. to do...（劝某人做某事），另外，还可以使用以下从句：（1） Sb. suggests that...（2） Sb. gives sb. a suggestion that...（3） It is suggested that...（4） It is highly advisable that...（5） give sb. some advice on...

[典型例题] 信息点：

专家解读：建议：（中小学生）不要过度用眼；多参加户外活动

信息表达：He suggested that school children avoid overuse of their eyes and do more outdoor activities.

或 He gave us a suggestion that school children should avoid overusing their eyes and take more outdoor activities.

六、目的的表达手段

表目的的表达手段很多， 用作不同的成分有不同的表达。

1. 用谓语表达：aim / intend to do sth.（目的是， 旨在）

2. 用状语表达：

（1） so as to / in order to / in an effort to do...（为了做某事）

（2） with the purpose of doing sth.（带着……的目的， 为了）

（3） in hopes / the hope of（怀着……的希望）

（4） with dreams of doing（带着……的梦想）

（5） with the goal of doing sth.（目的是）

3. 用不定式作表语表达：

（1） The purpose of doing sth. is to do...（做某事的目的是）

（2） Our goal is to do...（我们的目标/的是）

（3） The aim is to do...（目的是）

4. 用从句表达：

（1） so that...（以便）

（2） in order that...（为了）

（3） in the hope that...（怀着……的希望）

[典型例题] 信息点：

目标：所有室内公共场所无烟

实施时间：2011年1月1日起

信息表达：This decision， which aims to make all indoor public places smokefree， will come into effect from the first day of 2011.

或This decision， aiming to make all indoor public places smokefree， will be carried out from January 1， 2011.

七、原因的表达手段

在表达原因时可以使用介词短语：because of， due to， owing to， thanks to， for the reason that+从句。另外还可以使用：because， as， since， so...that...。句式The reason for / why...is that... （……的原因是……）也是极佳的选择以下从句。

[典型例题]

1. 你的偶像及理由。

As for myself， Thomas Edison is my idol because his inventions have greatly changed our life.

专家解读：（1）原因：很复杂

（2）治疗：没有哪一种药物能治愈近视

信息表达：He also pointed out that the causes for shortsightedness are so complicated that no medicine can cure it.或 Due to the complication of shortsightedness， no medicine can cure it， Professor Wang told us.

2. 翻译：部分大学为什么吸引力下降：部分大学办学质量差、学生上学学费高、毕业生就业难等。

The reason why some colleges have become less attractive is that the educational quality of some colleges is poor， the tuition fee is high and its hard for college graduates to get jobs.endprint

或Due to the poor educational quality of some colleges， high tuition fees and difficult employment for college graduates， some colleges have become less attractive.

八、舉例的表达手段

在举例时可用如下表达手段：

1. such as / like / such...as...（后接名词、动名词， 不能接句子和动词原形）

2. For instance， ... / For example， ...（前后有标点， 后接句子）

3. Take sb. or sth. for example / Take sb. or sth. as an example（用于举一个例子）

1. 翻译：很多中国学生面临很多体质问题，诸如肥胖、近视等。

Many Chinese students are facing a number of physical problems， such as obesity， and shortsightedness， etc.

2. 翻译：就拿我班的同学来说吧， 有些担心自己个子小， 有些为自己胖而苦恼， 其他同学因为自己不漂亮而沮丧。

Take some of my classmates as an example. Some worry about their small size； some get annoyed that they are fat； and others are upset that they are not beautiful.

写作是语言输出的一个重要过程，高效的语言输出源自于充分的语言输入。高考英语作文基本为几种固定的题材体裁，下面就几种典型的文章给大家提供一些示范内容。对于正反观点的文章，我们可以借鉴如下内容：Recently weve had a heated discussion on “...”. Opinions concerning this hot topic vary from person to person. / The majority of people hold the view that... / However， those who are against the idea maintain that... / From my perspective， I firmly support the idea that... 对于事物优缺点的文章我们可以借鉴以下内容：There is a widespread concern over the issue that “...”. / As the saying goes， “each coin has two sides”. / ...has both advantages and disadvantages. / Generally speaking， the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. / The advantages can be listed as follows. / However， we cant be blind to the disadvantages it brings to us.

对于看图作文我们可以参照如下内容：As can be seen from the picture， ... / As is vividly described in the cartoon， ... / The picture reflects a widespread phenomenon that...， which has raised public concern. / Simple as the picture is， the meaning it conveys is thoughtprovoking. / My suggestions on dealing with the problem are as follows： to begin with， its urgent to do sth. / More importantly， we cant emphasize the importance of doing sth. too much. / Finally we have to admit the fact that...

除了以上提及的种种语言手段，我们应该注意通篇使用高级词汇、高级句法。这是高考高分作文的法宝。关于具体的高级句法示范如下：

1. 定语从句、非限制性定语从句：

Those who disagree think it unnecessary to do sth.

There are 50 students in our class， twothirds of whom are fond of music.

Some students even turn a deaf ear to their teachers， which is very disappointing.

2. 分词短语作后置定语：

1） According to the figures shown in the table， we can see that...

2） From the reasons listed above， we may draw the conclusion that...endprint

3） There are several reasons accounting for this change.

3. 名词性从句：

1） There is a widespread concern over the issue that “...”（同位语从句）

2） The picture reminds me of a common phenomenon that...（同位语从句）

3） What I want to stress （主语从句）is that...（表语从句）

4） The writer mainly tells us that...（宾语从句）

4. 倒装：

Only after we take effective measures to solve the problem can we have / embrace a promising future.

So much homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.

By no means should we give up.

5. it的用法

1） As a matter of fact， we should keep it in mind that...（形式賓语）

2） It is universally acknowledged that...（形式主语）

3） It is your attitude towards it that matters.（强调结构）

6. 被动语态：

1） Students afterschool life can never be overlooked.

2） After reading the story， I am deeply moved by the hero， who reminds me of...

7. 谚语：

1） As an old saying goes， “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”

2） As the saying goes， “Teachers should not only pass on knowledge to students but also teach them how to study.”

8. 状语从句：

1） Simple as the picture is， the meaning it conveys is very thoughtprovoking.

2） No matter how busy we are， we should spare some time to talk with our parents.

9. 动名词短语作主语：

1） However， keeping an eye on its negative aspects is a must.

2） Taking part in all kinds of activities does good to us students.

10. 省略形式：

When asked about how long they spend on computers， many people admit that they spend too much time playing computer games.

11. 并列句：

1） Protect the environment， and we will have a harmonious society.

2） One more step， and you will succeed.

3） Work hard， or you will fall behind others.

综上所述，英语写作语言手段极为丰富，我们平时要养成良好的写作习惯，注意使用各种语言手段，以便在考场上快速写出一篇高分作文。当然，我们也必须减少单词硬伤、语法硬伤以及书写硬伤。减少硬伤，修炼“软实力”，英语作文高分不再是奢望。

（作者：姜加芹，海安县实验中学）endprint