付瑞红++韩铁胜++刘伟
[摘要] 胸主动脉内膜血管支架置入术(TEVAR)治疗急性/亚急性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层优于最优内科治疗。TEVAR实施的最佳时间窗为2周~6个月。TEVAR可以用于治疗慢性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层。虽然TEVAR存在操作并发症,但仍是相对安全有效的治疗非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的方法。
[关键词] 非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层;胸主动脉内膜血管支架置入术;最优内科治疗;疗效
[中图分类号] R543.16 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)06(b)-0035-04
Treatment progress of uncomplicated Stanford type B aortic dissection aneurysm
FU Ruihong HAN Tiesheng LIU Wei
Department of Emergency, People′s Hospital of Qing County in Cangzhog City, Hebei Province, Qingxian 062650, China
[Abstract] Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) treatment is superior to the best medical treatment for acute/subacute uncomplicated Stanford type B aortic dissection. The best time window of TEVAR treatment is from 2 weeks to 6 months. TEVAR can be used for treatment of chronic uncomplicated Stanford type B aortic dissection. Although there are complications of TEVAR, but it is still relatively safe and effective in the treatment of uncomplicated Stanford type B aortic dissection.
[Key words] Uncomplicated Stanford type B aortic dissection; Thoracic endovascular aortic repair; Best medical treatment; Clinical efficacy
主動脉夹层是循环中血液经主动脉内膜病变进入主动脉壁造成动脉壁分离及血肿形成的疾病。目前主动脉夹层根据解剖学特点有两种分类方法,Stanford和DeBakey分型。根据发病时间分为急性(<14 d)及慢性(≥14 d)。根据复杂性分为非复杂性和复杂性。非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层中的“非复杂性”是指无动脉瘤扩展、破裂或频临破裂、灌注不良综合征、疼痛和难于控制的高血压存在。目前对于Stanford B型主动脉夹层的治疗手段包括内科药物治疗、腔内治疗及外科手术。Stanford B型主动脉夹层累及降主动脉,占主动脉夹层的25%~40%,接近75%的患者为非复杂性。对于非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层根据时间分期不同选择治疗不同。以往主动脉夹层分期只有急性和慢性,但近年来的许多临床研究将其分为急性、亚急性及慢性期。对于急性/亚急性期患者主要治疗手段为胸主动脉内膜血管支架置入术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)和最优内科治疗(best medical treatment,BMT)[1]。慢性期患者如果存在动脉瘤变性则需考虑外科手术。TEVAR对于非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层是否作为首选治疗存在争议。IRAD研究中,73%的急性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层在及时医院治疗中死亡率为10%,1个月内生存率为91%,1年生存率为89%,4~5年内长时间接受内科治疗患者的远期生存率为40%~60%,生存期超过10年的患者占40%~45%,预测早期死亡的因素有灌注不良,低血压,缺乏腹痛、胸痛及不全栓塞的假性动脉瘤[1]。
1 非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床研究
国内外已有几个对于非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层治疗的回顾性临床研究[2-4],结果显示TEVAR治疗非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层可以使主动脉重塑,延缓病情进展,减少血管相关死亡,但是TEVAR存在手术并发症的可能性。
非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层治疗的临床随机对照试验只有1个,其结果可分为两部分:INSTEAD研究部分[5]和INSTEAD-XL部分[6]。研究总共纳入140例,根据患者治疗选择倾向随机分成两组,TEVAR组68例,BMT组72例。INSTEAD总结2年后研究人群的全因病死率、主动脉相关病死率及主动脉重塑情况;INSTEAD-XL总结治疗2~5年的全因病死率、主动脉相关病死率及疾病进展率。INSTEAD显示,TEVAR在主动脉重塑上优于BMT,其余无明显差异。INSTEAD-XL则显示TEVAR降低主动脉相关的病死率及延缓疾病进展。
2 TEVAR治疗急性/亚急性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的治疗指征
1995年Kato等[7]报道在狗身上应用TEVAR术治疗B型主动脉夹层。1999年Dake等[8]首次报道应用TEVAR治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者。INSTEAD-XL研究证实,TEVAR联合BMT治疗较单独BMT治疗在安全性及有效性上均有优势[6]。
早先的INSTEAD研究显示,TEVAR除在血管重塑方面优于BMT治疗,其余如2年的生存率及不良事件发生率与BMT治疗比较并没有显著差异[5]。而在接下来的INSTEAD-XL研究中显示,TEVAR提高了5年的生存率及延缓病情进展[4]。
Kato等[9]报道慢性主动脉夹层发展的危险因素为初发时主动脉最宽处>40 mm或者夹层开口位于胸主动脉。Durham等[10]报道主动脉最宽处直径>35 mm是5年内发生动脉增宽的独立危险因素。根据以上研究结果考虑疾病初期动脉最宽直径>40 mm及夹层开口在胸主动脉的患者,且尚未达到手术治疗的指征时,可以行TEVAR术治疗。
近年来许多临床研究讨论慢性主动脉夹层动脉瘤进展的临床指征,如年龄、心率、马凡综合征、形态、夹层直径、夹层入口位置及入口数量、纤维蛋白原/纤维蛋白的水平及钙离子通道拮抗剂的使用[10-15]。这些指标可以作为尚不具有手术指征的非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者行TEVAR术的指征。
目前尚缺乏证据证明主动脉夹层内血栓形成是导致动脉夹层扩大进展的危险因素。但是主动脉夹层内部分血栓形成是非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层经BMT后死亡的独立危险因素[3]。所以非复杂Stanford B型主动脉夹层内合并部分血栓形成时最佳的治疗选择应为TEVAR。
3 TEVAR治疗急性/亚急性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的最佳治疗窗
非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层以2周为界,分为急性和慢性。但Kato等[16]将其分为急性期<14 d,亚急性期14 d~6个月,慢性期>6个月,并指出在6个月内应用TEVAR术封闭入口的治疗效果最好。IRAD研究中,症状出现到24 h为超急性期,第2~7天为急性期,第8~30天为亚急性期,>30 d为慢性期[1]。ACCF/AHA指南将其分为急性期<2周,亚急性期2~6周,慢性期>6周[17]。VIRTUE研究中将其分为急性期<15 d,亚急性期15~92 d,慢性期>92 d,三组生存率比较无明显差异,在主动脉重塑上三组存在显著差异,但急性期与亚急性期相比无明显差异[18] 。综上所述,非复杂Stanford B型主动脉夹层主动脉重塑治疗窗延长至亚急性期。Desai等[19]将实施TEVAR的时间分为:急性早期<48 h,急性晚期48 h~2周,亚急性期2~6周,三组间比较生存率无明显差异,但在急性早期与急性晚期治疗会有更多的并发症出现。陈作观等[20]荟萃分析我国TEVAR治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的并发症及死亡率,得出结论:急性期(<30 d)行TEVAR风险较非急性期(≥30 d)高。因此,非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层也应非急性期行TEVAR较为合适。
TEVAR治疗存在最佳治疗窗可能原因为:①急性期患者的主动脉壁炎性反应重,内膜片不稳定,管腔水肿较重,此时行TEVAR术可能造成动脉壁损伤及破裂的风险增高,支架置入后,由于黏膜情况不稳定,黏膜修复慢,有时假腔血肿不能完全血栓化,造成疾病在慢性期进展,造成慢性期再次TEVAR或外科手术治疗。②慢性期血管内膜损伤后修复纤维化,内膜增厚,质地硬脆,行TEVAR术时支架覆盖病变时需要较大的机械力量。慢性期时假腔内血栓机化,血管重塑进程较慢且效果不佳。而在急性与慢性之间,存在上述两种状态的中间状态,使得TEVAR对主动脉、内膜片和血栓治疗作用最佳。虽然目前对亚急性期定义没有统一,但根据众多的临床研究表明确实存在一个时期适于进行TEVAR术治疗非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层[16-25]。
4 TEVAR治疗慢性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层
急性主动脉夹层向慢性主动脉夹层进展的表现是内膜瓣肥厚纤维化。多个内膜破口也是慢性主动脉夹层特点。在慢性期非复杂性Stanford B型主動脉夹层的治疗上,TEVAR术与BMT治疗无显著差异[5-6],TEVAR在进行治疗的早期存在更多的并发症[1]。对于BMT治疗失败、TEVAR治疗后逆行撕裂和/或动脉瘤变性的慢性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者可选TEVAR或手术继续治疗。无论是手术治疗还是TEVAR治疗均需封闭夹层入口,而TEVAR治疗则适应证要求更为严格[4]。近年TEVAR领域新技术的进展扩大了其治疗慢性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的适应证[21-22]。由于新技术开展时间尚短,目前缺乏TEVAR与手术治疗的比较的研究。
5 TEVAR的安全性
TEVAR术治疗非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层时存在操作相关并发症,因此TEVAR术作为首选治疗的安全性遭到诸多质疑。TEVAR治疗主动脉夹层时的并发症有近端逆行主动脉夹层形成、远端主动脉内膜撕裂及瘫痪。文献报道TEVAR治疗非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层后可发生逆行主动脉夹层[26-27]。Neuhauser等[28]报道逆行主动脉夹层发生率为8%。根据Rubin等[29]报道逆行主动脉夹层可发生在治疗后的任何时期。急性Stanford B型夹层行TEVAR术后支架近端形成逆行主动脉夹层,是由于支架锚定区域主动脉内膜不稳定发生再次破裂,由于破裂处远端存在支架支撑导致夹层容易逆行向升主动脉处撕裂[26-29]。根据Canaud等[30]报道,行TEVAR术后出现逆行主动脉夹层多数是存在支架过大的情况,经统计分析后得出结论:每发生1%过大支架植入,将使逆行夹层的发生率增加9%,对于TEVAR术后发生逆行主动脉夹层的概率与支架是否覆膜无关。该研究观察的人群为动脉瘤及主动脉夹层的患者,不能完全作为TEVAR治疗非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层安全性评估的一部分。术者在操作前仔细核对支架管径可以减少发生率。
支架远端主动脉壁的内膜撕裂是TEVAR术后的远期并发症。Feng等[31]认为,主动脉夹层后内膜改变是发生撕裂的组织学基础。支架口径选择基于正常锚定区血管内径决定,文献报道TEVAR术治疗急性B型主动脉夹层时选择的支架应该比锚定区的主动脉管径宽10%,而治疗慢性Stanford B型主动脉夹层时应选择管径宽20%的支架,这样的选择治疗效果最佳[32]。但是支架一般为直筒型设计,锚定区合适的管径在夹层发生的远端可能相对管径增大,造成支架机械支撑力相对过大,在主动脉内高速、高压的血流冲击下,支架远端与内膜摩擦移位造成主动脉内膜撕裂[32]。这些研究的人群均为Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者[31-32],并未单独分析非复杂Stanford B型主动脉夹层。针对这一问题已有公司推出锥形支架。
研究顯示,Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者行TEVAR术时瘫痪的发生率为4.5%~11%[24],其中包括部分复杂性B型主动脉夹层。专门针对非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层操作时瘫痪发生率及原因尚未有相关研究。另外,这种并发症可以由TEVAR的新技术有效预防[24]。
虽然TEVAR术存在操作相关并发症,但是临床上存在方法可以预防及治疗。相比手术治疗其创伤小,死亡率低[28,33]。相比BMT其远期预后较好[6]。
总而言之,TEVAR术可以预防非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层发生动脉瘤样变性并且能实现主动脉重塑,不但使患者从BMT治疗的频繁监测血压及门诊就诊中解脱出来,并且能减少射线的摄入,减少由于慢性并发症导致的手术,所以TEVAR可作为急性及亚急性非复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的首选治疗。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-02 本文编辑:程 铭)