马 强, 王洪飞, 包俊强, 吴业宾, 温 静, 齐 云, 龚美亮
(1. 解放军总医院老年肾科, 北京 100853; 2. 解放军装甲兵学院, 安徽 蚌埠 233032; 3. 解放军总医院南楼检验科, 北京 100853)
微波辐射对肾小管上皮细胞的影响以及金雀异黄素对其保护作用*
马 强1△, 王洪飞2, 包俊强2, 吴业宾2, 温 静1, 齐 云1, 龚美亮3
(1. 解放军总医院老年肾科, 北京 100853; 2. 解放军装甲兵学院, 安徽 蚌埠 233032; 3. 解放军总医院南楼检验科, 北京 100853)
目的:观察微波辐照对人近端肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)的影响及金雀异黄素对其的保护作用。方法:HKC分为对照组、微波辐照组、金雀异黄素组(n=6)。金雀异黄素组在辐照前2 h用含30 μmol/L金雀异黄素的DMEM培养基进行预培养。辐照后24 h留取上清进行乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性检测。Hoechst 33258染色观察细胞凋亡情况。结果:与对照组比较,微波辐照组上清NAG、LDH活性明显增加(P<0.01),金雀异黄素预处理组则较微波辐照组明显下降(P<0.01);微波辐照组上清活性也较对照组明显增加(P<0.01)。Hoechst 33258染色显示,微波辐照可导致较多量的细胞凋亡,而应用金雀异黄素预处理后细胞凋亡的比例均大大减少。微波辐照可大大提高HKC细胞中的MDA含量,SOD活性降低(P<0.01),应用金雀异黄素预处理后MDA的含量无明显降低,SOD的活性明显增大(P<0.01)。结论:微波辐照可导致人近端肾小管上皮细胞出现功能损伤,金雀异黄素对其具有一定的保护作用,可能与其减轻氧化应激损伤、减少细胞凋亡有关。
金雀异黄素;肾小管上皮细胞;电磁辐射
【DOI】 10.12047/j.cjap.5382.2017.028
电磁辐射作为当今社会生存环境中最大的污染源,对人类健康的危害受到广泛关注[1]。研究发现,电磁辐射可对肾脏组织学和功能均造成一定影响,其具体机制目前并不明确[2,3],也缺乏必要的预防个干预措施。金雀异黄素对各种原因引起的肾脏损伤均有一定的保护作用[4,5]。因此本研究观察微波辐照对培养的人近端肾小管上皮细胞的影响,并观察金雀异黄素对其的保护作用。
1.1 材料
DMEM培养基干粉(GIBCO);胎牛血清(北京四季青);胰蛋白酶(Sigma);某型合成信号发生器(频率范围:2~6.2 GHz)。
1.2 细胞实验
人肾小管上皮细胞系,保存于解放军总医院南楼肾科实验室,待生长至90%以上融合后应用于实验。分为对照组、辐照组、金雀异黄素组。应用某型合成信号发生器(频率范围:2~6.2 GHz)平均功率密度90 mW/cm2在暗室中进行辐照,辐照时将培养瓶或培养板置于可透射微波的37.5℃水浴专用辐照盒内,连续辐照30 min,每组设3个副孔,辐照后24 h留取上清进行乳酸脱氢酶(lattate dehydrogenase, LDH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, NAG)活性检测。细胞用刮匙刮下,检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性。对照组细胞与实验组作相同处理,只是不接受微波辐照。结合袁伟杰等[6]的研究结果,我们决定应用中低剂量(30 μmol/L)的金雀异黄素进行细胞预培养,金雀异黄素用二甲亚砜溶解,实验前配置成含金雀异黄素的DMEM培养基,金雀异黄素组在辐照前2 h用含30 μmol/L金雀异黄素的DMEM培养基进行预培养。
1.3 NAG、LDH活性的检测
应用日本东芝 TBR-120FR全自动生化分析仪检测NAG活性,应用Sysmex UF 1000i分析仪检测LDH活性,所有标本检测均在我院检验科进行。
1.4 Hoechst 33258荧光染色检测细胞凋亡
收集对数期细胞,调整细胞悬液浓度为2×104cells/ml,接种于6孔培养板中,1 ml/well,细胞在6孔板中爬片,37℃,5%CO2培养箱培养使细胞贴壁,待生长至90%融合后,进行微波辐照,分组和实验步骤同前,每组各设3个复孔,辐照结束后应用预温至37℃的PBS洗涤1~2次,放入37℃孵箱中孵育20 min,37℃的PBS洗涤3次,按Hoechst 33258荧光染色试剂盒(江苏碧云天生物技术公司)说明书操作,倒置荧光显微镜下观察、拍照。
1.5 MDA含量和SOD活性检测
采用MDA、SOD试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)进行检测,根据试剂盒说明操作。
1.6 统计学方法
2.1 3组细胞上清NAG、LDH酶活性的比较
培养液中LDH和NAG活性反映肾小管上皮细胞的受损情况。结果显示,与对照组比较,微波辐射组培养液中的NAG、LDH活性明显增加(P<0.01),金雀异黄素预处理组NAG、LDH活性较辐照组明显降低(P<0.01),但仍较对照组明显增高(P<0.01,表1)。
GroupNAG(U/L)LDH(U/L)Control48.37±2.38200.15±12.13Microwaveirradia-tion274.93±38.44**720.74±56.88**Genisteinprecondi-tioning195.84±7.99##574.36±43.92##
NAG: β-N-acety1 glucosaminidase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase
**P<0.01vscontrol group;?##P<0.01vsmicrowave irradiation group
2.2 金雀异黄素对微波辐照HKC凋亡的影响
Hoechst 33258 荧光染色显示,对照组细胞核呈均质淡蓝荧光,仅见个别凋亡形态细胞(3.91±0.47)%,辐照组可见细胞核呈不同程度的缩小,荧光强度增加,典型凋亡形态细胞明显增多,金雀异黄素组凋亡细胞数较辐照组明显减少(11.07±0.62)%vs(24.33±1.56)%(P<0.01,图1)。
Fig. 1 Hoechst 33258 fluorescein stain of control group, microwave irradiation group and genistein preconditioning group A: Control group; B: Microwave irradiation group; C: Genistein preconditioning group
2.3 金雀异黄素对微波辐照HKC氧化应激的影响
与对照组比较,微波辐照组肾小管上皮细胞中MDA含量显著升高(P<0.01),金雀异黄素预培养可有效降低微波辐照所导致的MDA水平(P<0.01),但不能降至对照组的正常水平(P<0.01)。微波辐照可显著降低肾小管上皮细胞中SOD活性(P<0.01),金雀异黄素则可有效增加微波辐照所导致的SOD活性(P<0.01),但与对照组比较仍有显著差异(P<0.01,表2)。
GroupMDA(nmol/mgprot)SOD(U/mgprot)Control0.24±0.03105.29±20.37Microwaveirradia-tion3.77±0.52**23.16±1.31**Genisteinprecondi-tioning3.55±0.5048.77±5.29##
MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase
**P<0.01vscontrol group;?##P<0.01vsmicrowave irradiation group
电磁波的危害程度与场强、作用时间以及生物体接受辐射的总剂量有关,低剂量的电磁辐射即可对新西兰兔肾功能产生影响,高能量的电磁辐射,还可导致放射性肾炎的发生[2,3]。
研究发现,微波辐射对接触人员和实验动物消化系统、免疫系统、神经系统等有一定影响[7-9],并可导致肾脏细胞DNA损伤[10]。当出现肾小管间质损伤时,尿NAG活性异常,是早期肾小管功能损害的可靠、敏感指标[11]。LDH是一种糖酵解酶。乳酸脱氢酶存在于机体所有组织细胞的胞质内,其中以肾脏含量较高,当肾脏细胞损伤时,释放到细胞外而被检测到。
本研究发现小剂量微波辐照HKC可使培养液上清液中NAG、LDH活性增加,而应用金雀异黄素预培养可保护HKC免于辐射损伤。金雀异黄素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤等广泛的生物学效应,可保护多种细胞免于放射损伤[12,13]。电磁辐照的肾损害机制目前尚不清楚,研究发现与辐射导致的氧化应激有关[14],金雀异黄素对肾脏和心脏的氧化应激损伤有一定的保护作用[15],其保护机制可能与抑制Ape1/Ref-1表达[16]以及NF-kappaBJNKERK信号通路[17]有关,但具体的作用机制目前尚不清楚。
本研究发现,微波辐照可导致人近端肾小管上皮细胞出现氧化应激损伤和细胞凋亡,金雀异黄素可保护微波辐照的人近端肾小管上皮细胞,其保护机制可能与减轻氧化应激损伤、减少细胞凋亡有关。
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Protective effects of Genistein on human renal tubular epithelial cells damage of microwave radiation
MA Qiang1△, WANG Hong-fei2, BAO Jun-qiang2, WU Ye-bin2, WEN Jing1, QI Yun1, GONG Mei-liang3
(1. Department of Geriatric Nephrology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853; 2. College of Armored Forces, Bengbu 233010;3. Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China)
Objective: To observe the effects of microwave irradiation on human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HKC) and protective effects of genistein. Methods: HKC cells were divided into control group, microwave irradiation group and genistein group(n=6 ) respectively. The genistein group cells were pre-incubated with 30 μmol/L genistein in DMEM for 2 hours. After irradiation for 24 hours, the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase(NAG) in culture solution were measured to evaluate cell injury. Cells were curetted to measure the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Cell apoptosis and necrosis were detected with Hoechst 33258 stain. Results: Compared with the control group, the NAG activity of the microwave irradiation group was significantly increased(P<0.01), and NAG activity of genistein pre-incubated group was significantly decreased(P<0.01). The levels of LDH in microwave irradiation group were also increased significantly (P<0.01vscontrol group). LDH levels could be decreased obviously (P<0.01vsmicrowave irradiation group) after genistein pre-incubate. Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining revealed that the nucleus crimpled, crescent liked and chromatin condensed, even nucleus disintegrated. Our research showed that microwave irradiation could lead to large amount of cell apoptosis and necrosis, and genistein pre-treatment could reduce the ratio of apoptosis and necrosis than that in microwave irradiation group(P<0.01). The concentration of MDA in microwave irradiation group was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). At the same time, the activity of SOD was significantly reduced (P<0.01). Pre-incubated with genistein could not decrease the MDA levels, but could increase the activities of SOD (P<0.01vsmicrowave irradiation group). Conclusion: microwave irradiation can induce human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells injury. The protective effects of genistein may partly correlated with decreasing oxidative stress damage and cell apoptosis in HKC cells.
Genistein; renal tubular epithelial cell; microwave radiation
2015-11-20
2016-10-24
R827
A
1000-6834(2017)02-109-03
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