聂婵,王涛,施尚鹏,邓呈亮,石修权,3
(1.遵义医学院 公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学教研室,贵州 遵义 563006; 2.遵义医学院附属医院烧伤整形外科,贵州 遵义 563099; 3.Center for Injury Research and Policy & Center for Pediatric Trauma Research,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital,The Ohio State University College of Medicine,Columbus,OH 43205,USA)
·论 著·
烧伤儿童住院时间及与烧伤面积关系的系统评价
聂婵1,王涛1,施尚鹏1,邓呈亮2,石修权1,3
(1.遵义医学院 公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学教研室,贵州 遵义 563006; 2.遵义医学院附属医院烧伤整形外科,贵州 遵义 563099; 3.Center for Injury Research and Policy & Center for Pediatric Trauma Research,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital,The Ohio State University College of Medicine,Columbus,OH 43205,USA)
目的:综合评价国内外烧伤儿童的MLoS(Mean of length of stay,MLoS),探讨MLoS与MTBSA(Mean of total burn surface area,MTBSA)的关系,为预防儿童烧伤提供理论依据。方法:在维普、万方、中国知网(CNKI)、Pubmed及Science Direct等中英文数据库中系统检索1990年至今含有烧伤儿童住院时间的文献,用Meta分析方法汇总结果,并分析MLoS与MTBSA的关系。结果:纳入合格文献71篇,Meta汇总的平均住院时间为15.86天,95%CI=13.76- 17.96。MLoS与MTBSA成正相关(r=0.680,P<0.01)。结论:儿童烧伤越严重,住院时间越长,其MLoS超过2周。因此,卫生与行政部门均应重视儿童烧伤的预防工作,提高对严重烧伤儿童的救治水平,减少烧伤儿童住院时间,节约医疗成本。
烧伤; 儿童; 住院时间; TBSA
烧伤是儿童伤害中最具破坏性的一种。在发展中国家,烧伤是仅次于交通伤害和溺水的第三大儿童死亡原因[1],严重威胁着儿童的生命安全。烧伤不仅给患儿留下严重的身体和心理创伤,还增加了家庭和社会的经济负担。在美国,重度烧伤患儿平均治疗费用达462美元[2];在我国北方,烧伤儿童人均住院费用达4 253元[3],可见烧伤所消耗的成本之大。住院时间的长短又直接决定着住院费用的多少,了解烧伤儿童的MLoS就有助于评估烧伤的经济成本,制定相应的预防对策,降低儿童烧伤率,节约医疗成本。
1.1 检索策略
中文检索:以“烧伤”AND“儿童OR小儿OR幼儿OR婴儿OR患儿OR青少年”为题名检索,“住院时间OR住院天数”为全文检索。检索数据库包括CNKI、维普和万方数据库。
英文检索:以“burn* AND(child* OR infant OR baby OR toddler OR adolescent OR teenage* OR paediatric OR pediatric)”为题名检索(检索时用通配符以便包含检索词的复数形式),“(length of stay) OR(duration of hospitalization) OR LoS”为全文任意检索。检索数据库包括PubMed数据库、Science Direct数据库。检索时间段为1990年1月至2016年6月。
1.2 文献筛选
纳入标准:(1)研究对象为18岁以下烧伤儿童,包括婴幼儿、青少年等;(2)文献发表于1990年1月至2016年6月;(3)研究包括或能换算出烧伤儿童的MLoS;(4)烧伤包括烫伤、电烧伤、火焰烧伤等多个类型,而不是专指其中一种或某种特殊烧伤类型(如“锅连炕”);(5)烧伤部位不限,可以是身体某一部位的烧伤(如面部、四肢烧伤等);(6)语言限中文或英文。
排除标准:(1)研究同一时间段、同一地点人群的资料重复文献;(2)研究对象年龄不详;(3)综述及案例分析类的文献;(4)研究烧伤手术方法、治疗方法及护理类的文献。
1.3 统计学处理
2.1 文献筛选结果
检索到相关中文文献391篇,英文509篇,剔除研究治疗方法、手术方法、护理方法及综述类文献707篇,再除去重复、年龄不详及平均住院时间缺失的文献113篇,共筛出80篇文献,其中2篇中文文献与英文文献资料重复,有7篇不能换算平均住院时间,均予以剔除后,最终纳入中文文献22[4- 25]篇,英文49[1- 3,26- 71]篇。
2.2 烧伤儿童住院时间的基本情况
纳入烧伤儿童有关住院时间的文献71篇,涵盖了25个国家127288名烧伤儿童。30篇文献报道了烧伤儿童样本量占同期烧伤总人数的百分比,最小10.1%,最大77.9%,其中有22篇(73.33%)文献的所占同期烧伤率大于30%,可见烧伤儿童占同期烧伤人数的比例之大。其中,年龄最小的只有1天,最大18岁。有41篇文献报道了烧伤儿童平均年龄,除2篇平均年龄大于10岁外,其余平均年龄均在(0.5- 6.8)岁之间。28篇文献报道了烧伤儿童(0- 3)岁的人数分布,占总研究烧伤儿童的40%- 80%(除去1篇比例<20%和6篇年龄上限≤3岁的文献),可见(0- 3)岁儿童是烧伤住院的高危人群。61篇文献报道了烧伤儿童男女比例,最小0.67∶1,最大4∶1,其中有5篇文献男女比例小于1,其余均大于1,说明烧伤住院儿童男生多于女生。纳入文献的MLoS为(5- 32)天(除去一篇平均住院日112天),71篇文献中54篇报道的平均住院日大于10天。43篇文献报道了MTBSA,最小3.1%,最大52.0%,其中有36篇文献的MTBSA大于10%。见表1。
表1 纳入文献烧伤儿童的MLoS
Table 1 Average hospital stays of burned children included in these studies
续表
注:*性别比为男∶女,女视为基数1;a“-”表示该文献未涉及。
2.3MLoS的Meta分析
2.4 MLoS与MTBSA的相关性
MLoS与MTBSA成正相关(Pearson相关系数r=0.680,P<0.001),见表2。随着MTBSA的增加,MLoS也逐渐增加。
据2015年中国统计年鉴,2014年我国0- 18岁儿童有3.04亿,占全国总人口的22.25%,这一庞大人群是预防烧伤不可忽视的对象。研究表明,烧伤儿童占同期烧伤总数的比例大多超过30%,可见儿童较易受到烧伤。另一方面,本研究的大部分数据来源于医院,由于家长对孩子的身体健康较为重视,在中国尤甚,多年的计划生育政策,很多家庭是独生子女,儿童就医率较高。
图1 烧伤儿童MLoS的Meta分析森林图(随机效应模型)
Fig 1 Forest plot ofMLoS in burned children(random- effect model)
表2 烧伤儿童MLoS与MTBSA(%)的相关性
Tab 2 The correlation between MLoS and MTBSA in burned children
x±snPearson相关系数rPMLoS15.42±6.30430.680<0.001MTBSA(%)17.49±9.9343
研究显示,3岁以下儿童在儿童烧伤中比例较重,占总烧伤儿童的40%- 80%,可能是该年龄段的儿童好奇心强[21],遇到新鲜事物就喜欢“摸抓咬”,加上各方面发育不成熟,动作不协调,自身防护能力较弱,暴露危险的几率就比较大。因此,3岁以下儿童应该作为预防儿童烧伤的重点防护对象。
纳入研究表明,90%以上的研究的男女比例大于1,男孩遭受烧伤的几率较大,可能是因为男孩生性活泼好动[41],接触危险事物的几率就比较大。5篇文献报道了烧伤儿童男女比例小于1,Kumar等[55]报道的男女比例为0.78∶1,是因为印度大多是女孩做家务,早婚更加重了女孩的家务活。而且,印度人常常坐在地板上烹饪,年轻姑娘穿的传统“纱丽”就容易拖到炉子里着火,从而导致烧伤。其余文献未对该现象作解释。
烧伤住院儿童的平均住院时间大多在(5- 32)天,54篇(76.1%)文献报道的平均住院日大于10天。Meta汇总的平均住院时间为15.86天,95%CI为(13.76- 17.96)天,即烧伤儿童的MLoS主要波动在(14- 18)天之间。经亚组分析发现,近年来MLoS有所降低,但最低仍达2周,可见儿童烧伤的预防工作仍需再接再厉。住院时间的长短直接决定住院费用的多少,住院时间越长,消耗的医疗资源也越多。加上家人看护烧伤儿童所浪费的时间和因此导致的误工费、孩子烧伤耽误的学习时间等,都是烧伤造成的经济成本和时间成本。而对于烧伤,这些成本都是不必要的,完全可以预防。
纳入文献中,烧伤儿童的MTBSA最小3.1%,最大52.0%,其中有36篇(83.7%)文献的MTBSA大于10%。根据我国烧伤的严重程度分度,即有36篇文献的儿童烧伤属于中度以上烧伤,烧伤的严重程度决定着住院时间的长短[1, 3, 45]。如表2所示,MTBSA与MLoS成正相关,与MLoS的亚组分析一致。烧伤面积越大,烧伤越严重,住院时间就越长,所浪费的人力、物力和财力就越多[2],死亡率、伤残率和瘢痕率也就越高。因此,严重烧伤的儿童应该引起重视。
综上所述,烧伤儿童的MLoS超过2周,且烧伤越严重,住院时间越长,消耗的时间、经济成本也就越高。本研究还提示相关部门应将男童和0- 3岁儿童作为预防儿童烧伤的重点防护对象,同时,提高对严重烧伤的救治水平,减少严重烧伤儿童的住院时间,以节约医疗成本,减轻家庭和社会的负担。
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(编辑:孙茂民)
A systematic review of hospital stay and its relation to burned area in burned children
NIE Chan1,WANG Tao1,SHI Shang- peng1,DENG Chengliang2,SHI Xiuquan1,3
(1.DepartmentofEpidemiologyandHealthStatistics,SchoolofPublicHealth,ZunyiMedicalUniversity,Zunyi,Guizhou563006,China;2.DepartmentofBurnsandPlasticSurgery,AffiliatedHospitalofZunyiMedicalUniversity,Zunyi,Guizhou563099,China;3.CenterforInjuryResearchandPolicy&CenterforPediatricTraumaResearch,TheResearchInstituteatNationwideChildren’sHospital,TheOhioStateUniversityCollegeofMedicine,Columbus,OH43205,USA.)
Objective:To provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of childhood burns, we evaluate the mean of length of stay(MLoS) and explore the relation between MLoS and total burn surface area(TBSA) in burned children. Methods: Studies which contained the hospital stays of burned children published since 1990 were searched from CNKI, Weipu, Wanfang,PubMed and Science Direct databases. The MLoS was pooled by Meta- analysis, and correlation analysis between MLoS and TBSA was also conducted. Results: 71 studies met the criteria of enrolling, the pooled MLoS were 15.86 days(95%CI=13.76- 17.96), and the MLoS was positively correlated with mean TBSA(r=0.680,P<0.01). Conclusion: The pooled MLoS for burned children was over 2 weeks, and the more serious the burn was, the longer hospital stay would be, and the more medical costs were consumed. Therefore, every country should pay attention to the prevention of childhood burns and improve the level of treatment of severely burned children, so as to reduce hospital stays and save medical costs.
burns; children; length of stay; total burn surface area
2016- 12- 31
2017- 02- 27
国家自然科学基金(81560534);遵义医学院博士学位授权支撑学科建设专项经费(2015- 996036)
聂婵(1992-),女,汉族,贵州毕节人,在读硕士,研究方向为伤害机制与预防,E- mail:niecoc@163.com
石修权,男,教授,E- mail:xqshi@zmc.edu.cn
聂婵,王涛,施尚鹏,等.烧伤儿童住院时间及与烧伤面积关系的系统评价[J].东南大学学报:医学版,2017,36(2):246- 253.
R179
A
1671- 6264(2017)02- 0246- 08
10.3969/j.issn.1671- 6264.2017.02.023