DDGS的营养价值及在猪和鸡生产中的应用

李姗，李吕木，鲁陈，卫爱莲，代张超

（安徽农业大学动物科技学院，合肥 230036）

DDGS的营养价值及在猪和鸡生产中的应用

李姗，李吕木*，鲁陈，卫爱莲，代张超

（安徽农业大学动物科技学院，合肥 230036）

干酒糟及其可溶物（DDGS）是生产乙醇的副产物，虽然DDGS含有生物活性物质，但其大量的使用还是仅限于动物生产。DDGS最先用于反刍动物的生产中，近年来也有很多报道将DDGS用于猪、鸡等单胃动物生产中。文章综述了DDGS的生产工艺、营养成分、在猪和鸡生产中的应用现状，重点阐述了饲喂DDGS并添加酶制剂对猪和鸡生产性能的影响。

干酒糟及其可溶物；猪；蛋鸡；肉鸡

干酒糟及其可溶物（DDGS）是酿酒厂中以玉米、大米、大麦、小麦、高粱等谷物为原料经过酒曲发酵和蒸馏提取乙醇后的副产物。随着燃料乙醇厂数量的增多、规模的扩大及加工工艺的改进，其加工副产品DDGS的产量也迅速增加，我国DDGS的产量巨大。DDGS最先用于反刍动物生产中，近年来研究发现，从乙醇厂获得的DDGS，对单胃动物也是具有良好营养价值的饲料原料[1]。而且由于豆粕等蛋白质饲料的价格不断上涨，采用高水平DDGS作为蛋白质来源具有一定的经济效益。DDGS将越来越多的用于饲喂单胃动物。因此，需要对DDGS的品质进行更细致的研究，促进其在单胃动物生产中的应用，提高其利用率。因此，本文回顾和探讨近年来对DDGS营养价值及其在猪和鸡生产中的应用现状。

1 DDGS的生产工艺

发酵、蒸馏酒精后的糟液（固含量10%），经卧式螺旋离心机进行固体、液体分离，分离出的固体成分称为滤饼或湿渣（固含量30%～40%）；而分离出的液体成分（固含量3%，俗称为黄水）；分离出的液体成分少部分回流入发酵系统重新利用，而大部分则进入浓缩器生成浓缩液（固含量30%，俗称为浓浆）。湿渣比较松散，可单独烘干，烘干后的产物称为DDG；而浓浆由于是很黏稠的物质，单独烘干比较困难，因此生产中将浓浆混入湿渣中一并进行烘干，生成的产物即为DDGS。蒸馏后的酒精糟液含有纤维、蛋白质、脂肪/油、水、酵母细胞、乙酸和乳酸、丙三醇及矿物质等营养成分。在烘干过程中，一些易挥发的营养成分会损失一部分；而另一些营养物质的营养价值（如蛋白质）也会由于温度过高而降低。但DDGS易保存、运输、使用方便，因此为广大酒糟生产企业所广泛采用。

2 DDGS的营养成分

在以谷物或混合谷物为原料发酵制取乙醇的过程中，淀粉被转化成乙醇和二氧化碳，其他营养成分如蛋白质、脂肪、纤维等均留在酒糟中，干燥后，剩余的营养物质在DDGS中被浓缩了2～3倍，同时在发酵过程中，由于微生物的作用，酒糟中的蛋白质、B族维生素及氨基酸含量均比原料有所增加[2]。

2.1 蛋白质

DDGS的蛋白质含量受乙醇生产工艺、谷物种类及DDGS的加工处理等因素影响，含量并不一致[3]。但DDGS蛋白质含量较高，是原料的3倍多，一些优质的DDGS蛋白质含量接近豆粕，蛋白质中氨基酸的组成也比较合理，除赖氨酸相对缺乏外，其余的氨基酸含量较高。因此，在畜禽生产中，为了降低成本可以用DDGS部分代替豆粕等蛋白质饲料[4]。

2.2 脂肪

DDGS中含有较高的粗脂肪，含量平均可以达到干物质的10%，且维生素E含量与粗脂肪含量呈正相关[5]。DDGS的脂肪酸组成多为不饱和脂肪酸，在生产过程中容易发生氧化导致其过氧化值过高。

2.3 纤维

DDGS含有很多不溶性纤维，明显高于原材料。根据纤维素生物质的组成分析，玉米DDGS含有相当大量的非淀粉多糖，即26.5%的总非淀粉多糖（3.55%的可溶性和23.5%不溶NSP），21.5%阿拉伯木聚糖和0.32%β-葡聚糖。黑麦DDGS的NSP水平较高，总NSP达29.0%（4.65%的可溶物和24.4%不溶物），23.3%的阿拉伯木聚糖和1.17%β-葡聚糖[6-7]。单胃动物的肠道微生物可以发酵部分NSP。然而，猪和鸡难以利用其能量，NSP作为抗营养因子，影响其他营养物质的消化率，对幼年动物影响更大。要降解这些纤维，需要很多酶的协同作用。

2.4 磷

DDGS是家禽和猪的良好磷源，磷的含量高于豆粕，是原料磷含量的近3倍，但多为植酸磷，利用率较低[8]。

3 DDGS在猪生产中的应用

3.1 仔猪

DDGS已广泛用于养猪产业，从谷物中提取乙醇除去了大部分碳水化合物，增加了DDGS中纤维、蛋白质和脂质的含量。幼猪的胃肠道缺乏消化纤维所需的酶，在早期保育阶段饲喂猪低浓度DDGS日粮，可以使其适应DDGS，在保育阶段后期可以添加更大浓度的DDGS。仔猪断奶后立即喂养DDGS 15%不影响生长性能和饲料利用率，在保育期后期添加高达30%DDGS也不影响仔猪的生长性能[9-10]。当日粮中DDGS添加量过大降低了采食量和日增重，仔猪生长性能显著降低[11-12]。

由于其缺乏特异性消化酶，猪不能消化DDGS中的纤维，已采用添加各种糖酶用于改善饲料利用和降低体重增加的成本。当断奶仔猪饲喂过高水平DDGS日粮时添加混合酶（木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、戊聚糖酶、半纤维素酶和果胶酶），研究表明，添加混合酶改善了仔猪的生长性能，养分消化率，饲料利用率更高[13-14]。DDGS已经用溶剂提油处理过，或仔猪己经足够大（11 kg），则饲喂30%的玉米DDGS不会影响其生产性能。含硫高的DDGS能增加断奶8周阉公猪血清中α-生育酚的含量，即高含硫的DDGS可能保护了仔猪免受高度氧化的DDGS的损伤[15]。

3.2 生长肥育猪

生长肥育猪饲喂含DDGS 15%～30%日粮对其日增重、采食量和料重比、屠宰性能、肉品质无不良影响，但可降低饲料成本[16]。然而，有报道饲喂生长肥育猪的饲料中包含DDGS高达30%，随着DDGS浓度的增加，猪的生长性能下降[17]。这些相互矛盾的研究结果可能是使用了不同品质的DDGS。研究表明，在生长肥育日粮中添加25%的DDGS对猪的生产性能和胴体特性没有不利影响。

添加外源酶可以提高含有DDGS日粮的营养物质消化率。例如木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶的混合可以改善含有DDGS的低能量日粮的干物质（DM），GE和氮（N）表观总消化率[18]。由于不同性别之间的采食量差异，改善消化率体现在55 kg体重的后备母猪生长性能显著增加，但在去势公猪中并不显著。

由于不同DDGS的品质和营养成分不同造成最适DDGS添加量不同，但日粮中DDGS含量过高对生长猪肠道健康、生长性能、屠宰性能都有负面影响[19-22]。日粮中DDGS添加水平达30%～50%会降低DM、脂肪、GE、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、锌、钙、磷的粪便表观消化率[23]。日粮中添加30%的混合小麦DDGS和玉米DDGS降低了屠宰率和增加了内脏器官重量，但添加糖酶复合物（包括纤维素酶、淀粉酶、转化酶、β-甘露聚糖酶、半乳聚糖酶和蛋白酶）与饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲料的屠宰率和内脏器官的质量差异不显著[24]。NSP-酶对营养物质消化率不同，但是这些酶制剂都有效的改善动物的生长性能[25]。高水平的DDGS日粮添加NSP-水解酶改善了生长肥育猪的生长性能，提高了DM、N和能量回肠消化率[26-28]。饲喂43.7%wDDGS和cDDGS日粮添加植酸酶改善了磷的消化率[20-21]。

大多数猪肉提供给消费者的是加工过的产品（香肠、罐头、肉类等），而不是作为新鲜肉类。由于这个原因，必须考虑肉类加工和储存时的重要特征，如保水力和氧化稳定性。在肉类品质特征中，颜色可能是影响消费者的最重要的特征。DDGS日粮饲喂猪的特点是减少肉的保水力和硬度，而添加酶制剂有所改善并且瘦肉率稍高和最长肌较大（9%）[29]。NSP-水解酶对肉的酸性、化学成分、颜色、持水能力或TBA-RS指数无显著影响[30]。在生长肥育猪的DDGS日粮中添加酶制剂效果不一致，可能由于受到实验动物年龄、酶的添加水平（活性）、试验日粮的营养水平、日粮中DDGS的含量等因素影响。

3.3 母猪

用25%的玉米DDGS完全替代豆粕，饲喂妊娠期母猪对子代断奶仔猪日增重、料重比和采食量均无显著影响[31]。哺乳期饲喂高达30%DDGS的饲料对母猪或产仔性能没有产生不利影响[32]。研究表明，母猪饲喂DDGS日粮中添加植酸酶，在生产性能上没有显著差异（P＞0.05），但植酸酶对磷的利用产生有益的影响，体现在粪便中植酸磷的浓度降低[33]。

4 DDGS在鸡生产中的应用

在鸡日粮中添加DDGS可以为其提供较好的能量和氨基酸来源，还可提供较高的有效磷。

4.1 肉鸡

饲喂肉鸡10%DDGS对于生长性能、肠道形态没有不良影响，同时提高皮肤黄度[34-35]。添加植酸酶可以提高干物质和氮的消化率[36]。添加混合酶（糖酶、植酸酶、蛋白酶活性）可显著改善肉鸡的FCR和降低食糜黏度[37]。当饲喂DDGS 20%时会显著降低肉鸡的生长性能，添加木聚糖酶改善了生长性能，提高了DM、CP和半纤维素的消化率[38-41]。添加30%的高粱DDGS有较差的饲料转化率（FCR），蛋白质和氨基酸消化率也较差，而添加蛋白酶和木聚糖酶可显著改善FCR，木聚糖酶降低回肠中不溶性NSP含量，改善了鸡FCR，添加植酸酶改善了鸡的磷的消化率和骨矿化。添加木聚糖酶（结合植酸酶）可改善肉鸡的生产性能，提高DM和OM的消化率，Ca和P的保留量以及股骨质量[42]。

4.2 蛋鸡

饲喂含DDGS 10%～15%的日粮替代豆粕对蛋鸡的生产性能无显著影响，但可改善了蛋黄的黄度，同时产蛋鸡中蛋黄的黄体素和玉米黄质浓度增加[43]。DDGS 20%对蛋鸡的产蛋率、采食量、饲料转化率没有不良影响，但蛋重略有下降，产蛋总重降低[44]。添加糖酶，改善了产蛋量，降低了P和N在排泄物中的浓度[45-47]。

5 小结

DDGS饲料不仅含有丰富的蛋白质，而且含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素和有利于动物生长的多种矿物质，适合饲喂家禽、家畜、水产及特种动物。然而使用DDGS也存在营养成分含量变异较大，质量不稳定；纤维含量高，消化利用率较低等限制性因素。使用酶制剂可以提高猪和鸡对DDGS的消化利用率和克服DDGS质量不稳定性的问题。我国现阶段对DDGS营养成分及其特性的研究还较少，基本都是参考国外的资料。为了提高DDGS作为饲料的利用价值以及为了精确配制各种家畜平衡日粮，有必要对我国DDGS营养特性进行深入研究，并将其应用于各类家畜中进行大规模的生产试验，以便精确地评定DDGS的营养价值和确定不同动物对DDGS饲料的适宜添加量以及添加时需要注意的问题，从而指导生产实践，推动DDGS饲料在我国畜牧业中的广泛应用。

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Nutritional Value of DDGS and Application in the Production of Pig and Chicken

LI Shan,LI Lvmu*,LU Chen,WEI Ailian,DAI Zhangchao

（College of Animal Science and Technology,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China)）

Dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)is a by-product of ethanol production.Although DDGS could produce bioactive substances and still used in the animal production.DDGS was first used in the production of ruminants.In recent years,there have been many reports on the application of DDGS in the production of single stom⁃ach animals such as pigs and chickens.In this paper,the production technology,nutrient composition and application status of DDGS were summarized.The effects of feeding DDGS and enzyme perparation on the production performance ofpigsandchickenswerediscussed.

dried distillers grains with soluble;pig;laying hens;broiler

S828；S816.71

A

1001-0084（2017）04-0016-05

2017-02-28

李姗（1992-），女，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，研究方向为动物营养与饲料科学。

*通讯作者：研究员。