李树江 杨友联
(1六盘水师范学院生物科学与技术学院,贵州六盘水553001;2六盘水市生物研究所,贵州六盘水553001)
毛慈菇Cremastra appendiculata(D.Don)Makino为兰科杜鹃兰属多年生草本植物杜鹃兰的习称,主要分布于我国陕西、四川、贵州等省,其与独蒜兰、云南独蒜兰统称山慈菇,被收录入中国药典,具有清热解毒、化痰散结等功效,用于痈肿疔毒,瘰疬痰核,蛇虫咬伤和癥瘕痞块(国家药典委员会,2015)。现代药理研究表明,毛慈菇具有抗肿瘤活性,对结肠癌、肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等多种癌细胞具有非选择性细胞毒性(夏文斌等,2005),在临床上通常作为抗癌中药配伍使用(中国中医药管理局,1999)。近年来,为满足市场需求,在贵州贵阳、黔东南等地开始了人工保育或栽培。在调查贵州省中药真菌病害过程中,发现其叶片出现近圆形至不规则形灰褐色至黑褐色枯斑,影响了杜鹃兰的生长。截至目前,未见毛慈菇病原真菌的相关报道,为弄清其病原菌,提高对该病害的防治效果,本研究采用多基因系统学对分离的病原菌进行鉴定。
在贵州省农业科学院杜鹃兰保育基地,将发生枯斑的杜鹃兰叶片采下,装入信封,带回室内4℃暂存,采用常规组织块分离法分离病原菌(方中达,1998)。
1.2.1 病原菌的培养
采用PDA培养基观察菌落特征和在水琼脂培养基平板添加灭菌松针的方法诱导产孢结构(杨友联等,2015)。PDA培养基:去皮马铃薯200 g,切成约1 cm2小块,加自来水1 000 mL,大火煮沸后文火煮30 min,四层纱布过滤,滤液中加入葡萄糖20 g、琼脂18 g,补足水1 000 mL,文火加热至琼脂完全熔化,pH自然,灭菌后备用。
1.2.2 分子系统学分析
基因组DNA提取与检测采用改良的CTAB法(Chen J等,2007)。扩增与测序的目的基因及引物为翻译延伸因子1-α[elongationfactors1α,EF1-α;引物EF1-986R(5’-TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC-3’)和 EF1-728F(5’-CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGC-3’)(Carbone和Kohn,1999)]、核糖体转录间隔区序列[internal Transcribed Spaces,ITS;引物ITS4(5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’)和 ITS5(5’-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3’)(White等,1990)]、核糖体大亚基基因[nuclear ribosomal large subunits gene,LSU;引物LR0R(5’-ACCCGC TGAACTTAAGC-3’)和 LR5(5‘-TCCTGAGGGAA ACTTCG-3’)(Vilgalys和Hester,1990)]、核糖体小亚基基因[nuclear ribosomal small subunits gene,SSU;引物为NS1(5’-GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC-3’)和NS4(5’-CTTCCGTCAATTCCTTTAAG-3’)(White 等,1990)]、β-微 管 蛋 白 基 因 [β-tubulin gene,TUB2;引物 Bt2a(5’-GGTAACCAAATCGGT GCTGCTTTC-3’)和 Bt2b(5’-ACCCTCAGTGTAG TGACCCTTGGC-3’)(Glass和Donaldson,1995)]。
对自测的各个基因序列在GenBank比对,下载的相关的序列如表1,采用Paup*4.0 beta 10等软件构建多基因系统树进行分析(杨友联等2015)。
表1 参与系统学分析的序列Table 1 Taxa used in this study
从叶枯病病斑分离得到菌株1株(菌株号:LPSU20120217)。菌株在PDA培养基上,25℃生长快速(15.2 mm/d),菌落棉絮状,中央白色到灰色、边缘白色;背面污白色至黑色(图1);随着培养时间延长,整个菌落正面及背面变为深黑色。
菌株在人工培育条件下,在PDA培养基及水琼脂松针上均未产生无性或有性孢子。
图1 毛慈菇叶枯病病原菌菌落(菌株号:LPSU20120217)。A,正面;B,反面。Figure 1 culture of pathogeny causingCremastra appendiculataleaf blight(strain:LPSU20120217).A,upper;B,reverse.
分离菌株的EF1-α、ITS、TUB2、LSU和SSU基因序列提交到GenBank的登录号见表1。在基于多基因构建的最大简约系统树中(图2),杜鹃兰叶枯病病原菌与葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moug.:Fr.)Ces.&De Not.的模式菌株(菌株号:CMW8000)聚为一支,支持率为74%,与B.fusispora的亲缘关系最近。
图2 基于翻译延伸因子1α、核糖体转录间隔区序列、核糖体大亚基、核糖体小亚基和β-微管蛋白基因部分序列,用Paup软件,以Spencermartinsia viticola(菌株号CBS 117009)为外类群构建的最大简约系统树。分支上的数值为1 000次重复后的高于50%以上的Bootstrap值。T,模式菌株或诠释模式菌株。Figure 2 Maximum parsimony phylograms EF1-α,inferred from combined partial ΙTS,SSU,LSU,and β-tublin sequences data,showing phylogenetic relationships of strain 20120127 isolated from Cremastra appendiculata and selected sequences of Botryosphaeriaceae species.Values above the branches are parsimony bootstrap(equal or above 50%).The tree is rooted with Spencermartinsia viticola(CBS 117009).T,ex-type or ex-epitype.
根据菌落特征和分子系统学分析,引起杜鹃兰叶枯病的病原菌为葡萄座腔菌属葡萄座腔菌[Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moug.:Fr.)Ces.&De Not]。
葡萄座腔菌广泛分布于热带、亚热带以及温带地区,是一种危害严重的病原真菌,可引起166属约314种植物病害(Farr&Rossman,2015),可危害植物叶、幼枝、茎及果实,引起溃疡、枯萎、顶枯、叶斑、果实腐烂等。在国内,已引起枣树等干腐病(赵晓军等,2009)、山核桃、毛梾木、葡萄、桉树、烟草、中华青荚叶等多种林木溃疡病(Yu,L.等,2009;Zhang,C.Q 等,2011;Yu,L.等,2012;Yan,J.等,2012;Zhang,Z.X.等,2013;Bian,C.H.等,2015),桉树、蓝莓枯萎病(Yu,L.等,2009;Yu,L.等,2012)、中华青荚叶、葡萄顶枯病和灰毡毛忍冬(Yu,L.等,2012;杨友联 等,2014;Yan,J.Y.等,2013);苹果轮纹病(Tang,W.等,2012;Xu,C.等,2015),杧果、猕猴桃、石榴等果腐病(Ni,H.F.等,2010;Zhou,Y.等,2015;付娟妮 等,2007)以及桃树流胶病等(Wang,F.等,2011),主要危害木本植物茎或枝及果实,鲜有危害叶引起叶枯病的报道。在本研究样品采集地附近500 m范围内有苹果树、桃树等分布,稍远还有葡萄园分布,鉴于葡萄座腔菌寄主的广泛性,建议在预防该菌引起的毛慈菇叶枯病时,亦注意周围树木的溃疡、顶枯病等病害防治。
葡萄座腔菌属真菌在自然基质及人工培育条件下不易产生无性或有性型繁殖结构,培养基上因生长迅速(一般4~5 d长满9 cm平板)且菌落随着培养时间延长由白色逐渐变成黑色而较易识别到属,但仅凭菌落特征,种的鉴定极为困难。少部分种或菌株虽然在水琼脂松针上长时间诱导培养可产生无性型,但历时长,多数种或菌株的诱导徒劳无果。即便在自然基质或人工诱导下产生子实体,凭借形态学方法种间区分甚微,常常导致有争议的结论。故目前对该类群的病原菌鉴定往往采用分子系统学分析方法,而在分子生物学鉴定中单基因分子系统学亦不易明显区分近缘种,甚至部分近缘种采用多基因也难以显著区分,如在基于延伸因子-1α、核糖体转录间隔区序列、β-微管蛋白、核糖体大亚基、核糖体小亚基等5个基因构建的多基因系统树中,不能将Botryosphaeria fusisporaBoonmee,J.K.Liu&K.D.Hyde和B.dothidea这2个种很好地区分开(支持率低于50%)(Liu J K等,2012),故对葡萄座腔菌属病原真菌进行鉴定时,应结合产孢结构显微特征、菌落特征以及多基因分子系统学综合分析,提高鉴定的可靠性。
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