孙佳琦 张甘霖 于明薇 王笑民
[摘要] 桑黄是一种名贵的中药材,近年研究发现其抗肿瘤作用明显。总结国内外已发表的有关桑黄及其提取物关于肿瘤的实验研究,发现桑黄主要是通过抗突变预防肿瘤的发生,通过促凋亡、阻滞周期、调节免疫、抗氧化、抑制血管生成的途径抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、转移,延长生存期。与化疗药联合应用起减毒增效的作用。本文综述桑黄各种成分提取物及其抗肿瘤作用机制,为进一步研究桑黄抗肿瘤机制奠定基础。
[关键词] 桑黄;肿瘤;多糖;Hispolon
[中图分类号] R961 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2016)11(c)-0039-05
Progress in the study of composition and mechanism of antitumor effect of Phellinus igniarius
SUN Jiaqi ZHANG Ganlin YU Mingwei WANG Xiaomin
Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
[Abstract] Phelinus igniarius is a kind of rare Chinese traditional medicine. Many studies are conducted about its antineoplastic effects in recent years. To summarize the published studies about Phelinus igniarius and its extracts antineoplastic at home and abroad, and found Phelinus igniarius preventing tumor by anti-mutation, inhibit tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, prolong survival by inducing apoptosis, arresting cell cycle, regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, antiangiogenesis. Phelinus igniarius with chemotherapy can enhance the effects of chemotherapy and alleviate the drug toxicity. This review summarizes the various kinds of Phellinus igniarius ingredients extractions and its antitumor effect mechanism. Lay the foundation for further study on the antitumor mechanism of Phellinus igniarius.
[Key words] Phelinus igniarius; Neoplasms; Polysaccharides; Hispolon
桑黃[Phelinus igniarius(L.ex.Fr)Quel],又称桑臣、桑耳、桑黄菇等,分类学上属担子菌亚门、层菌纲、多孔菌目、多孔菌科、针层孔菌属,是一类有重要药用价值的多年生大型真菌[1],主要寄生于桑树。最早在李时珍的《本草纲目》中就有记载桑黄能“利五脏,宣肠胃气,排毒气”。郁仁存教授将肿瘤致病机制归纳为:内虚、痰浊、瘀血、癌毒,即因内虚导致脏腑气机运化不利,痰浊停滞,瘀血内阻,愈加阻滞气机,加之癌毒作怪而导致肿瘤的发生。桑黄的主要功效:疏利五脏之气机,宣统肠胃运化之气,从而使痰浊瘀血得以运化消散,更能排毒气,使肿瘤无以化生。早在1971年就有桑黄多糖抑制肿瘤增殖的实验研究[2]。本文对桑黄的抗肿瘤研究进展进行总结,以期对桑黄的抗肿瘤作用机制有更系统的认识。
1 桑黄的主要成分
桑黄的主要活性成分包括多糖、甾体、黄酮类物质、酚类物质、萜类、香豆素类物质、生物碱,其中报道最多的是多糖。提取方法报道最多的是醇提物。早期对其活性成分的研究多集中于酸性多糖、蛋白结合多糖、蛋白-葡聚糖复合物。近年来对其成分进行提纯,多个单体被分离出来,包括早在2000年提取出的作为几丁质合成酶抑制剂抗真菌的Phellinsin A[3]和有神经氨酸苷酶抑制作用的inotilone等[4]。研究最多的桑黄提取单体是Hispidin。早在2004年,Park等[5]报道从桑黄中提取出Hispidin,并逐步发现其具有抗氧化、抗脂质过氧化、保护神经、预防阿尔茨海默病、调节免疫抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗流感的效果。
2 桑黄的抗肿瘤作用
2.1 抗突变
桑黄能够有效抑制直接诱突变剂4-硝基邻苯二胺(NPD),叠氮化钠(NaN3),甲基硝基亚硝基胍(MNNG)、阿霉素、N-亚硝基二乙胺[6]和间接诱突变剂2-乙酰基氨基芴(2-AAF)、苯并芘[7]的诱变[8],并能抑制电离辐射的诱突变[9]。说明桑黄有抗突变活性,可能是通过诱导醌氧化还原酶(QR)和谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)的活性,提高谷胱甘肽水平,在癌症预防中发挥作用[10]。
2.2 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖
桑黄对多种肿瘤,如肺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、白血病、口腔癌、胃腺癌、宫颈癌、脑癌、皮肤乳头状瘤的生长具有抑制作用。
2.3 促进肿瘤细胞凋亡
桑黄提取物Phelinus linteus(PL)对前列腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、脑癌等的细胞实验表明,PL明显活化Caspase-3,Caspase-9[11],并能诱导白血病细胞THP-1凋亡[12]。Hispolon在鼻咽癌细胞HONE-1实验中能够活化Caspase-3,-8,-9,PARP裂解,并促进p-ERK1/2,p38 MAPK,JNK1/2,其促凋亡作用可以被MAPK抑制剂阻断[13]。桑黄多糖也可以诱导THP-1细胞凋亡[12]。500 μg/mL作桑黄粗多糖用于HO-8910PM细胞96 h可诱导其凋亡[14]。Hispolon可以有效抑制肺癌细胞A549和H661,抑制了G1-S通路相关蛋白:Cyclin D1,Cyclin E,CDK2,CDK4和CDK6,但是增加了p21(CIP1)和p27(KIP1)CDK的抑制剂CDK的表达,还降低了线粒体膜蛋白的表达,推断其通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡,并促进细胞色素C释放入细胞质,Caspase-9,Caspase-3和ADP核糖聚合酶的分裂,增加了p53的表达[15]。在体内桑黄通过增加Caspase-3表达,降低Ki67阳性细胞活化,活化Caspase8/9/3,显著降低HL-60荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长[16]。以上实验表明无论是桑黄多糖,还是提取出的有效单体都能通过激活Caspase,有效促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。
2.4 对肿瘤细胞周期阻滞
桑黄提取物polysaccharide能导致结肠癌HT-29细胞S期阻滞,下调Cyclin D1,Cyclin E,CDK2[17]。在HepG-2细胞有相似的S期阻滞,并认为与钙网蛋白,p27 kip1-cyclin A/D1/E-CDK2 通路有关[18],对人肝癌细胞Hep3B[19]有类似的S期阻滞效果。但也有报道称,HT-29细胞出现G0/G1期阻滞[20]SW480细胞出现G2/M期阻滞[21]。对肺癌细胞A-549和H-611[15],小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10,人白血病细胞NB4[22],有G0/G1期阻滞的效果。桑黄能够阻滞细胞周期,其机制尚不明确,有待进一步证实。
2.5 促进肿瘤细胞自噬
有关自噬的研究并不多,只有桑黄提取物和低剂量的氟尿嘧啶合用可以提高三阴乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231细胞的研究,认为可以提高细胞自噬[23]。
2.6 抑制肿瘤细胞转移
桑黄提取物能够在体内降低肝癌细胞H22,肉瘤细胞B16[24],Lewis肺癌S-180[25]的转移,并降低VEGF的表达。在体外实验中,桑黄提取物能够抑制小鼠黑色素瘤和肝癌细胞HepG2的粘附功能,抑制细胞转移[26-27]。桑黄子实体的乙醇提取物(EEPI)在低于细胞毒作用浓度就可以明显降低SK-Hep-1细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平,抑制侵袭迁移,并能完全抑制RHE细胞转移微管形成[28]。EEPI可以抑制人肝癌细胞SK-Hep-1迁移和侵袭能力,能够降低MMP-2和VEGF的表达[28]。桑黄云芝胶囊抑制Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠的肺转移,其中高剂量组转移集落明显少于模型组(P<0.05)[29],并能抑制小鼠S180、H22肿瘤组织中VEGF表达,认为它能抑制肿瘤血管生成[30]。
2.7 调节免疫
与其他真菌多糖一样,桑黄多糖能够调节免疫增强体质[31]。在荷瘤鼠实验中桑黄多糖在抑瘤同时能够明显提高血清IL-2、IL-18水平和脾指数及胸腺指数[32-33],并可以刺激机体,使其淋巴细胞数量增殖[34]。桑黄云芝胶囊也有类似的效果[30]。表明桑黄具有抗肿瘤活性,且能够调节机体的免疫功能,多个实验证实其抗肿瘤作用可能与免疫调节机制相关[24,35-38]。
2.8 抗血管生成
桑黄含有的葡聚糖能够抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞HUVECs的增殖,抑制肝癌细胞H22在小鼠体内的增殖,认为桑黄葡聚糖能够抑制血管生成,起抗肿瘤的作用[39]。桑黄蛋白结合多糖PL能够抑制结肠癌细胞SW480的增殖侵袭和HUVECs细胞增殖和毛细管形成,能够降低HUVECs细胞VEGFR2的表达[36],在SW480荷瘤裸鼠模型中表现出了良好的抑瘤作用,能够降低瘤组织β连环蛋白的表达,降低Cyclin D1[40]。
2.9 抗雌激素作用
Hispolon与ERβ的结合能力较ERα强,能够选择性地激活ERβ,从而对雌激素依赖性肿瘤细胞起抑制作用。对ER+的MCF-7细胞株证明了Hispolon具有良好的抗肿瘤和抗雌激素的效果。
2.10 抗氧化作用
上調HepG2胞内的ROS,通过调节PI3K/Akt,MAPK相应蛋白的激活,促进转录因子AP-1,NF-κB mRNA的表达,从而调节HepG2细胞的增殖,使用桑黄多糖干预则可以通过下调ROS而抑制HepG2的增殖[41]。桑黄高氧化程度的不饱和26元大环代谢物phelligridimer A表现出了抗氧化作用,但是对于一些癌细胞株是没有作用的[42]。桑黄的另一种提取物Phelligridin G能防止小鼠肝脏微粒体脂质过氧化,具有抗氧化作用,并对人肿瘤细胞有温和的选择性细胞毒作用[43]。
2.11 与其他药物的协同作用
桑黄云灵胶囊与氟尿嘧啶联合应用,较单独应用环磷酰胺(CTX)明显延长了H22荷瘤鼠存活天数[44]。桑黄子实体醇提物与奥沙利铂或氟尿嘧啶合用时能够协同抑制人肝癌SK-Hep-1细胞的增殖[28]。桑黄和CTX联合能够提高S180荷瘤鼠的机体免疫力,降低CTX的毒性,提高抗肿瘤的作用[46]。桑黄提取物可以降低顺铂引起的肾毒性[47]。桑黄能够激活Caspase,与阿霉素合用能够增加药效[47-48]。
3 小結
对于不同的肿瘤,桑黄所产生的作用也是不尽相同的[24],但是均表现出了一定的抑制作用,并通过PI3K/AKT信号通路,激活Bcl-2,激活线粒体细胞传导通路,抑制G1-S通路,促进凋亡。通过上调p27Kip和p21cip的表达量,抑制Cyclin D1/CDK4和Cyclin E/CDK2两个复合物的活性,使细胞阻滞于G1/S期,通过抑制MMP抑制肿瘤细胞转移,通过抑制VEGF抑制新生血管形成。连同抗氧化和调节免疫的作用,共同抑制肿瘤的生长,延长荷瘤实验动物的生存期,并且能够通过抑制突变预防恶性肿瘤的发生。
传统中医药是一个等待人们去挖掘的宝藏,世事变迁,疾病也是千变万化层出不穷,但疾病万变不离其宗,即病机,抓住病机犹如提纲挈领,必然使变化的疾病迎刃而解。桑黄是传统中医药的一颗瑰宝,“利五脏,宣肠胃气,排毒气”的功效对应了肿瘤“内虚、痰浊、血瘀、癌毒”的中医病机。在中医理论指导下,人们对桑黄抗肿瘤作用机制的研究不断深入,逐渐揭开桑黄抗肿瘤的作用机制,让传统的中医理论得到了现代医学的证实。桑黄作为一种颇具前景的中药,正在得到世界的认识,随着对桑黄成分结构研究的进一步深入,其抗肿瘤的作用机制进一步得以明晰。
[参考文献]
[1] 张春凤.桑黄近缘种亲缘关系的研究[D].延吉:延边大学,2007.
[2] Sasaki T,Arai Y,Ikekawa T,et al. Antitumor polysaccharides from some polyporaceae,Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat and Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt) Aoshima [J]. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo),1971,19(4):821-826.
[3] Hwang EI,Yun BS,Kim YK,et al. Phellinsin A,a novel chitin synthases inhibitor produced by Phellinus sp. PL3 [J]. J Antibiot (Tokyo),2000,53(9):903-911.
[4] Hwang BS,Lee MS,Lee SW,et al. Neuraminidase Inhibitors from the Fermentation Broth of Phellinus linteus [J]. Mycobiology,2014,42(2):189-192.
[5] Park IH,Chung SK,Lee KB,et al. An antioxidant hispidin from the mycelial cultures of Phellinus linteus [J]. Arch Pharm Res,2004,27(6):615-618.
[6] Ajith TA,Janardhanan KK. Chemopreventive activity of a macrofungus Phellinus rimosus against N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rat [J]. J Exp Ther Oncol,2006,5(4):309-321.
[7] Bae JS,Jang KH,Yim H,et al. Inhibitory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus gilvus on benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice [J]. World J Gastroenterol,2005,11(4):577-579.
[8] Ajith TA,Janardhanan KK. Antimutagenic effect of Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat against chemical induced mutations of histidine dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains [J]. Food Chem Toxicol,2011,49(10):2676-2680.
[9] Joseph J,Smina TP,Janardhanan KK. Polysaccharide protein complex isolated from mushroom Phellinus rimosus (berk.) Pilat alleviates gamma radiation-induced toxicity in mice [J]. Cancer Biother Radiopharm,2011,26(3):299-308.
[10] Shon YH,Nam KS. Antimutagenicity and induction of anticarcinogenic phase Ⅱ enzymes by basidiomycetes[J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2001,77(1):103-109.
[11] Konno S,Chu K,Feuer N,et al. Potent Anticancer Effects of Bioactive Mushroom Extracts (Phellinus linteus) on a Variety of Human Cancer Cells [J]. J Clin Med Res,2015,7(2):76-82.
[12] Van Griensven LJ,Verhoeven HA. Phellinus linteus polysaccharide extracts increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and cause apoptotic death of THP-1 monocytes [J]. Chin Med,2013,8(1):25.
[13] Hsieh MJ,Chien SY,Chou YE,et al. Hispolon from Phellinus linteus possesses mediate caspases activation and induces human nasopharyngeal carcinomas cells apoptosis through ERK1/2,JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathway [J]. Phytomedicine,2014,21(12):1746-1752.
[14] 趙澜,张红锋.桑黄粗多糖对肿瘤细胞增殖及转移相关能力的抑制作用[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2008(2):78-84.
[15] Wu Q,Kang Y,Zhang H,et al. The anticancer effects of hispolon on lung cancer cells [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2014,453(3):385-391.
[16] Hsiao PC,Hsieh YH,Chow JM,et al. Hispolon induces apoptosis through JNK1/2-mediated activation of a caspase-8,-9,and-3-dependent pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and inhibits AML xenograft tumor growth in vivo [J]. J Agric Food Chem,2013,61(42):10063-10073.
[17] Zhong S,Ji DF,Li YG,et al. Activation of P27kip1-cyclin D1/E-CDK2 pathway by polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus leads to S-phase arrest in HT-29 cells [J]. Chem Biol Interact,2013,206(2):222-229.
[18] Li YG,Ji DF,Zhong S,et al. Polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus induces S-phase arrest in HepG2 cells by decreasing calreticulin expression and activating the P27kip1-cyclin A/D1/E-CDK2 pathway [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,150(1):187-195.
[19] Huang GJ,Deng JS,Huang SS,et al. Hispolon induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells by modulating ERK phosphorylation [J]. J Agric Food Chem,2011,59(13):7104-7113.
[20] Park HJ,Choi SY,Hong SM,et al. The ethyl acetate extract of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells [J]. Phytother Res,2010,24(7):1019-1026.
[21] Li G,Kim DH,Kim TD,et al. Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in SW480 human colon cancer cells [J]. Cancer Lett,2004,216(2):175-181.
[22] Chen YC,Chang HY,Deng JS,et al. Hispolon from Phellinus linteus induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NB4 human leukaemia cells [J]. Am J Chin Med,2013, 41(6):1439-1457.
[23] Lee WY,Hsu KF,Chiang TA,et al. Phellinus linteus extract induces autophagy and synergizes with 5-fluorouracil to inhibit breast cancer cell growth [J]. Nutr Cancer,2015,67(2):275-284.
[24] Zhou C,Jiang SS,Wang CY,et al. Different immunology mechanisms of Phellinus igniarius in inhibiting growth of liver cancer and melanoma cells [J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2014,15(8):3659-3665.
[25] 楊全.桑黄的液体发酵及其粗多糖抗肿瘤作用的研究[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2002.
[26] Han SB,Lee CW,Kang JS,et al. Acidic polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by blocking cell adhesion and invasion [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2006,6(4):697-702.
[27] 王贵宾.真菌多糖诱导肝癌细胞系凋亡的初探及对EHV-1疫苗的免疫调节作用[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2012.
[28] Song TY,Lin HC,Yang NC,et al. Antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of the ethanolic extract of Phellinus igniarius (Linnearus: Fries) Quelet [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2008,115(1):50-56.
[29] 郭炜,董文亮,李坤星.桑黄云芝胶囊对Lewis肺癌自发肺转移模型小鼠的抑瘤作用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2010,16(4):128-130.
[30] 李坤星,朱学萍,张海林,等.桑黄云芝胶囊对小鼠肉瘤S180及肝癌H22移植性肿瘤生长的抑制作用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2009,15(7):83-86.
[31] Yang W,Zhang H,Ji M,et al. Antitumor effect of a polysaccharide isolated from as an immunostimulant [J]. Biomed Rep,2016,4(3):361-364.
[32] Chen L,Pan J,Li X,et al. Endo-polysaccharide of Phellinus igniarius exhibited anti-tumor effect through enhancement of cell mediated immunity [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2011,11(2):255-259.
[33] 郭军鹏.缝裂层孔菌抗肿瘤作用及作用机制的研究[D].长春:长春中医药大学,2007.
[34] 杨全,胡旭光,王琦,等.药用真菌桑黄菌丝体多糖抗肿瘤作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(20):1713-1715.
[35] Park SK,Kim GY,Lim JY,et al. Acidic polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus induce phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2003,312(2):449-458.
[36] Lee JJ,Kwon HK,Jung IH,et al. Anti-cancer Activities of Ginseng Extract Fermented with Phellinus linteus [J]. Mycobiology,2009,37(1):21-27.
[37] Li X,Jiao LL,Zhang X,et al. Anti-tumor and immunomodulating activities of proteoglycans from mycelium of Phellinus nigricans and culture medium [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2008,8(6):909-915.
[38] Yang BK,Hwang SL,Yun IJ,et al. Antitumor Effects and Immunomodulating Activities of Phellinus linteus Extract in a CT-26 Cell-Injected Colon Cancer Mouse Model [J]. Mycobiology,2009,37(2):128-132.
[39] Liu Y,Liu Y,Jiang H,et al. Preparation,antiangiogenic and antitumoral activities of the chemically sulfated glucan from Phellinus ribis [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2014,106:42-48.
[40] Song KS,Li G,Kim JS,et al. Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth,invasion, and angiogenesis and alters Wnt/beta-catenin in SW480 human colon cancer cells [J]. BMC Cancer,2011, 11:307.
[41] 邓旭芳.氧化还原环境对肝癌细胞生长信号通路串话的调控作用研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.
[42] Wang Y,Wang SJ,Mo SY,et al. Phelligridimer A,a highly oxygenated and unsaturated 26-membered macrocyclic metabolite with antioxidant activity from the fungus Phellinus igniarius [J]. Organic Letters,2005,7(21):4733-4736.
[43] Wang Y,Mo SY,Wang SJ,et al. A unique highly oxygenated pyrano[4,3-c][2]benzopyran-1,6-dione derivative with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities from the fungus Phellinus igniarius [J]. Organic Letters,2005,7(9):1675-1678.
[44] 聂克.桑黄云芝胶囊对荷瘤小鼠生存期的影响[J].中药药理与临床,2009,25(3):61-62.
[45] 孟庆龙,潘景芝,陈丽,等.桑黄胞内及胞外多糖对荷瘤小鼠减毒增效作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2012,37(6):847-852.
[46] Ajith TA,Jose N,Janardhanan KK. Amelioration of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in mice by ethyl acetate extract of a polypore fungus,Phellinus rimosus [J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2002,21(2):213-217.
[47] Collins L,Zhu T,Guo J,et al. Phellinus linteus sensitises apoptosis induced by doxorubicin in prostate cancer [J]. Br J Cancer,2006,95(3):282-288.
[48] Guo J,Zhu T,Collins L,et al. Modulation of lung cancer growth arrest and apoptosis by Phellinus linteus [J]. Mol Carcinog,2007,46(2):144-154.
(收稿日期:2016-08-25 本文編辑:王红双)