腰椎术后硬膜外瘢痕研究进展

2017-03-06 10:04叶伟康房清敏王大巍张岱捷
岭南现代临床外科 2017年2期
关键词:椎管椎间盘硬膜外

叶伟康 房清敏王大巍张岱捷

腰椎术后硬膜外瘢痕研究进展

叶伟康 房清敏*王大巍张岱捷

腰椎间盘突出症患者在行椎板切除减压或椎间盘切除术后,仍存留下肢顽固性疼痛不适症状。这些不适的症状有可能由术后获得性椎管狭窄,相邻节段退变,椎间盘复发,腰椎滑脱以及硬膜外瘢痕等原因引起。其中,硬膜外瘢痕(神经根粘连、硬膜外纤维化)可能占20%~36%。有学者研究怎样减少硬膜外瘢痕的材料或方法,也有学者致力于术后硬膜外瘢痕的治疗。本文就硬膜外瘢痕研究进展做一综述。

硬膜外瘢痕;腰椎术后;疼痛

1 原因机制

1.1 瘢痕粘连的机制

硬膜外瘢痕形成有几种原因,最常见的是脊柱外科手术。早在1948年,Key等[1]认为术后瘢痕形成来源于椎管前方损伤的纤维环。LaRocca等[2]1974年提出背侧损伤了的骶棘肌粗糙面的成纤维细胞侵入,与硬脊膜、神经根粘连,并覆盖于椎板切除部位及向椎管内延伸,形成致密的硬膜外瘢痕。1990年,Songer等[3]研究发现,硬脊膜周围的纤维化既来自后方损伤了的骶棘肌创面,亦来自前方损伤的纤维环和后纵韧带,同时前方的粘连会包绕神经根而导致侧方受累。目前认为瘢痕组织的形成是椎板切除或椎间盘切除术后的一种正常的生理反应[4]。成纤维细胞迁移导致纤维组织代替正常的腰椎术后硬膜外脂肪[5]。

硬膜外瘢痕亦有可能由非手术刺激引发[6]。Mccarron等[7]研究表明椎间盘髓核脱出导致硬膜外炎症反应。因此,在没有脊柱手术的情况下,一个简单突出的腰椎间盘可能导致硬膜外粘连。而且,感染、炎症的细胞因子的释放,纤维环撕裂,鞘内注射造影剂,以及随着脊柱退变,硬膜外静脉丛反复微出血的结果都会导致瘢痕[8-16]。甚至椎间盘突出后,神经根周围也会发生纤维化和存在血管异常[17]。精确机制仍然是难以捉摸的。但值得注意的是,炎症过程是在粘连原因中普遍存在的。瘢痕是普遍存在的[18],Parke和Watanabe[19]对患有腰椎间盘突出的尸体研究证实,L4/5存在40%的硬膜外瘢痕,L5/S1存在36%,而L3/4存在16%。

1.2 引发疼痛的机制

严重的腰椎术后硬膜外瘢痕导致持续性腰痛的占83%[20]。早在1991年,Kuslich等[21]研究发现神经根粘连者比没有瘢痕包裹的患者更容易导致疼痛。Ross等[22]发现类似的报道:粘连的神经根导致疼痛比没有粘连的神经根高3.2倍。一个随机的,对照的,双盲的有效研究评估抑制瘢痕凝胶的试验报道在神经根粘连与持续腰痛存在着统计学上明显相关性[23]。动物模型显示医源性生成硬膜外瘢痕组织[24],椎板切除术后纤维化和炎症的组织学证据均观察到疼痛现象的增加[25,26]。

引发疼痛的机制目前也缺乏确切的证据。它可能由该部位的手术操作或小血肿引发,且有可能是引发术后疼痛重要的因素。也有可能因压迫神经根而触发疼痛[27,28],神经根粘连、牵拉,限制了神经根的活动,阻止他在椎管和椎间孔的自由活动,减少神经根的弹性[29]。神经或静脉的固定,反过来影响神经,导致神经的膨胀并伴随着腰背或下肢的疼痛。由于对神经的阻断,因此,营养神经药物很难达到[30,31]。硬膜外纤维化是这些病人疼痛的潜在病理过程[20],很多人都认为瘢痕与放射性痛有关系[32]。然而也有人质疑瘢痕是否的确导致放射性疼痛[33,34],他们并不支持任何瘢痕和疼痛大小的相关性[35-37]。强调这是建立在一个偶然的观察到的病理和临床条件关系,特别是存在硬膜外瘢痕而没有疼痛或者有疼痛而没有瘢痕的患者身上[38]。然而,Lee等[6]研究目前研究清晰的证明硬膜外瘢痕导致对神经根的明显增高的压力,尤其是在背侧神经节。他们认为对神经根的这种增加的压力可能导致更多的疼痛类似于椎间盘突出。

2 诊断及鉴别诊断

我们对存在硬膜外瘢痕患者行椎间孔镜手术治疗时,可在内窥镜下直接观察是否存在硬膜外瘢痕,并且观察硬膜外瘢痕对神经根及硬膜的影响。对硬膜外瘢痕及周围组织行病理和各种化验分析,内窥镜下硬膜外瘢痕对神经根和硬膜囊的的影响。

CT和MR在术后早期特异性不高,多数可见与术前突出相似的组织团块影,大多能在术后2~3个月部分或者全部消失[39]。CT增强时,尤其是高剂量对比增强时瘢痕组织的信号明显增强,而突出髓核的信号仍然一样[40,41]。未增强MRI与增强CT一样可区分瘢痕还是椎间盘[42]。增强MRI与MRI对比在鉴别瘢痕组织与髓核的准确率更高[43]。椎间盘术后再次疼痛的发生率与增强MR检查显示的硬膜外瘢痕呈正相关[22],硬膜外组织可占有原来突出的椎间盘的位置,从而引起与椎间盘突出相似的症状。椎管造影或者CTM不易区分瘢痕与髓核,但可以间接地显示椎管和神经根受到的来自外面的压迫。

Bosscher与Heavner[20]使用硬膜外腔镜作为诊断工具,观测该处神经根活动范围,并观察神经根上血管充盈状况,瘢痕有无造成神经根环形卡。发现在腰椎手术后持续性痛患者中有严重的硬膜外瘢痕患者占83%。更广泛的手术患者,91%的患者有严重的疤痕。使用核磁共振,只有16%的患者被诊断出纤维化,表明纤维化诊断明显被低估。

3 预防及治疗

事实上,很多努力去致力于发现减少硬膜外瘢痕的材料或方法。例如尽可能保留椎板,手术操作轻柔,减少出血,术后彻底冲洗、引流可减少瘢痕粘连的发生。术中应用明胶海绵、透明质酸钠、聚乳酸薄板、几丁糖等来进行预防。术后应用抗炎药物,控制或改变硬膜周围阻止的炎症过程,减少瘢痕粘连。术后护理早期主动直腿抬高训练,可明显加快椎间盘突出症术后的康复速度,改善临床病症,具有非常显著的疗效。

对于硬膜外瘢痕的治疗,一般是不需要手术松解,有研究认为硬膜外注射液体来减轻腰痛及坐骨神经痛,并认为液体量与疼痛减轻呈正相关[44],硬膜外非类固醇注射一样有功效[45]。目前,硬膜外粘连松解(epidural lysis of adhesions,LOA)是慢性难治性下腰部疼痛和神经根病有效治疗方式。在1989年Racz和Holubec[46]发明用于微创治疗存在硬膜外粘连或瘢痕组织的有或没有下肢放射痛的脊柱疼痛。起初方案是需要插入可操控的导管经过骶裂孔进入硬膜外腔,粘连经硬膜外腔造影所标记,并且粘连松解术在相关的解剖区进行。该技术总体原则被保留,然而其过程及注射的药物发生了改变。原本LOA需要导管在住院期间留置3天,需要每天注射局麻药、类固醇激素、高渗盐水和透明质酸酶裂解酶。椎板间及椎间孔入路[47,48]已经被描述,但是经骶管处入路仍是最常用的。

Gerdesmeyer[49]研究关于LOA和安慰剂试验强烈证明其LOA的有效性。相对于保守治疗,Veihelmann[50]对随机99名有腰椎神经根病变的病人,接受一天应用LOA或者保守治疗。3月后结果显示在VAS疼痛评分和ODI上,在LOA组有明显统计学意义。虽然LOA被广泛认为是一个安全的干预,但并发症率还是要高于常规硬膜外类固醇注射[18]。目前LOA的方案,均包括类固醇激素的注射,其好处是多方面的,不仅包括粘连的降解,炎症介质的冲洗,以及类固醇的直接和间接地镇痛作用[51-53]。

总之,对于硬膜外瘢痕形成的原因目前尚不完全清楚,硬膜外瘢痕导致下肢疼痛的诊断多为临床影像学推断,缺乏确切的直接证据。硬膜外瘢痕患者在接受椎间孔镜手术治疗时,可在内窥镜下直接观察到是否存在硬膜外瘢痕,并且可观察到硬膜外瘢痕对神经根及硬膜的影响。对硬膜外瘢痕及周围组织行病理和各种化验分析,内窥镜下硬膜外瘢痕对神经根和硬膜囊的的影响,如卡压神经根,粘连神经根致神经根无法活动,神经根上血管充盈状态方面。来探讨硬膜外瘢痕如何导致神经根疼痛并进行分析研究。并且椎间孔镜下可测量患者直腿抬高90°时,椎管内神经根活动度的情况,观察神经根上血管充盈状况。去除瘢痕后,患者下肢疼痛是否会明显减轻或消失。椎管内物质对神经根有无刺激作用,给予生理盐水冲洗后,下肢疼痛能否缓解。目前国内外均未见过类似报道。对于硬膜外瘢痕的诊断、预防、治疗尚需进一步研究。

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Research progress of epiduralscar after lumbars pinesurgery

YE Weikang,FANG Qingmin,WANG Dawei,ZHANG Daijie.Department of Spinal Surgery,The Affilited Hospital of Binzhou Medical University,Binzhou,Shandong 256600,China.Corresponding author:FANG Qingmin,byfqm2008@163.com

Lumbar disc herniation in patients with laminectomy or discectomy after lower limb remained intractable pain symptoms.These symptoms of discomfort may be acquired by postoperative spi⁃nal stenosis,adjacent segment degeneration,intervertebral disc and lumbar spondylolisthesis recurrence caused by epidural scar and other reasons.Among them,the epidural scar(nerve root adhesion,epidural fibrosis)may account for 20%to 36%.Some scholars have studied how to reduce the epidural scar mate⁃rials or methods,but also some scholars committed to the treatment of epidural scar after surgery.This paper made a review on the research progress of epidural scar.

epiduralscar;lumbarsurgery;pain

R681.5+5

A

10.3969/j.issn.1009⁃976X.2017.02.026

2016-12-12)

256600山东滨州滨州医学院附属医院脊柱外科

*通讯作者:房清敏,E⁃mail:byfqm2008@163.com

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