河南 马国民
语法填空高分秘籍“三字诀”
河南 马国民
有的纯空格题涉及的是短语,即空格处与空前或空后构成了短语,因此答题时需要留意空格处是否在句中构成了固定短语,并结合好短文语境,这样就能敲定答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes backmy days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
2.(2014·湖南卷)If neighbors want to get along well with each other,they have to show their tolerance. In this way,everyone will livepeace.
3.(2015·广东卷)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearbyother food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
【解析】
1. to。“go back to”为动词短语,意为“追溯到,返回”。
2. in。“in peace”为介词短语,意为“平安地,和平地,和睦地”。
3. for。“exchange...for...”为动词短语,意为“把……换成……,用……交换……”。
有的小题涉及的是常用句式的考查,如“no sooner+ had+主语+过去分词+其他+than+其他”“主语+be+doing sth.+ when...”等。分析题干时,把常用句式与题干结合起来,即可确定答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2015·广东卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the market. Now it occurred tothat his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
2.(2016·上海卷)Up to a certain point,the more stress you are under,the (35)_______(good) your performance will be.
3.(2014·上海卷)Apparently,I had diff culty (31)_______(adapt) myself to life in the city,let alone f nding a job to my delight.
4. (2015·广东卷)One day,the cow was eating grass__2_0_it began to rain heavily.
【解析】
1. him。“It occurred to sb. that...”为常用句式,意为“某人突然想到……”。
2. better。此处为句式“the+比较级+其他,the+比较级+其他”,故填better。
3. adapting。根据句式“have trouble/ diff culty (in)doing sth.”可知,空格处应填adapting。
4. when。“主语+be doing sth.+when+其他”为常用句式,意为“正在做某事,正在那时……”。
有的小题在分析题干时,一方面需要判断好空格处所涉及的考点,另一方面还需要结合好空格处所在的具体语境,这样才能确定正确答案。
【考例链接】
2.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and(be) too violent for use at the table.
【解析】
1. When/If。逗号前为状语从句,结合语境可知,逗号前表示时间或条件,故填When/If。
2. were。根据语境可知,空格处表示过去的状态,故用一般过去时。
3. before/earlier。根据语境“早在几小时前”和空后的时态可知,空格处应填before/earlier。
句子成分是答题使用频率非常高的知识之一,要学会利用这一知识推敲题干,进一步明确考点,锁定答案。例如,当提示词是形容词,且空格处作状语时,那么答案往往是副词。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top(attract).
2.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit,I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by(it) mother.
3.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks(regular).
4.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
【解析】
1. attraction。空格处作表语,结合空前的定语可知,空格处应填attraction。
2. its。空格处作定语,指代空前的“a lively threemonth-old twin”,故填its。
3. regularly。空格处作状语,修饰动词,故填regularly。
4. living。空格处作后置定语,且表示主动进行,故填living。
有的小题,在分析题干时,问号、逗号、感叹号、破折号等标点符号也有助于准确快速答题,因此不可忽视标点符号在答题中的重要作用。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,inf uenced the development of chopsticks.
2.(2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked,“anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”
3.(2013· 江 西 卷)________a terrible experience! Anyway,you’re safe now—that’s the main thing.
【解析】
1. who。第一个逗号后是非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,且关系词在从句中作主语,故应填who,而that不可引导非限制性定语从句。
2. Did。引号内是一个疑问句,且是过去发生的动作,故填助动词Did。
3. What。根据感叹号可知,第一句是一个感叹句,结合感叹句的结构可知,空格处应填What。
有的题干是省略句,而有的题干是倒装句,在推敲题干时,需要把省略的内容补充完整,把倒装的句子还原成正常语序,这样才能准确答题。
【考例链接】
2.(2013·上海卷)Among the crises that face humans(be) the lack of natural resources.
【解析】
1. accepted。根据状语从句的省略条件和省略特点可知,If之后省略了“you are”,还原后为“If you are________(accept)...”,提示词与主语之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。
2. is。题干为倒装句,正常语序为“The lack of natural resources________(be)among the crises that face humans.”,主语为“lack”,且该句描述的是客观事实,故空格处应用一般现在时。
有的小题不需要逐词细致推敲,甚至翻译成汉语,而是仅仅通过题眼就可锁定答案,也就是说,题眼是决定答案的关键。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,the other is with mum—she never suspects.
2.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by evenmost modern of architects and engineers.
3.(2014·上海卷)In recent years,the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)________(force)village shops across the country to close.
【解析】
1. days。“few”就是题眼,该词修饰复数名词,故填days。
2. the。题眼是空后的形容词最高级,故填定冠词。
3. has forced。“In recent years”是题眼,由此结合语境可知,空格处应用现在完成时。
有的小题考查的是常识性知识,例如,介词之后接名词、代词或动名词,有些动词后接动名词作宾语,有些动词后接不定式作宾语等,在做这类型的题时,利用好常识性知识即可敲定答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)Still,the boy kept(ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.
2.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without(use) electric equipment.
3.(2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused(stop) until we reached the next stop.
【解析】
1. riding。根据常识可知,keep后应接动名词作宾语。
2. using。介词without后应接动名词using作宾语。
3. to stop。refuse后应接动词不定式to stop作宾语。
有的题干比较长,例如,在2016年全国卷Ⅰ的语法填空题中,最长的句子是40个词,这就需要分析好句子结构,把握好主干,确定空格处在句中的具体作用,这样才能使考点原形毕露。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·四川卷)It was time for her to have a new baby,it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
2.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,I was the f rst Western TV reporter permitted to f lm a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
3.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)It could be anything—gardening,cooking,music,sports—but whatever it is,(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
【解析】
1. and。分析句子结构可知,逗号前后是两个并列的句子,结合语境可知,and符合题意。
2. when。分析题干可知,逗号前是主句,逗号之后为非限制性定语从句,先行词指时间,且关系词在从句中作状语,故填when。
3. make。“whatever it is”为让步状语从句,之后为主句,空格处是主句的谓语动词,此处为祈使句,故填动词原形。
有的空格处与空前或空后之间是并列关系,对于类似的小题,只要找准处于并列关系的词或短语,并结合好其特点,便可确定答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of(great) and less importance.
2.(2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and(disappoint).
3.(2015·广东卷)While making great ef forts to run away,she(fall) over the hill and died.
【解析】
1. greater。空格处与“less”之间是并列关系,故greater与题意相符。
2. disappointed。空格处与“anxious”之间是并列表语,用于描述人,故填disappointed。
3. fell。空格处与“died”之间是并列关系,为过去发生的动作,故用一般过去时。
有的小题在答题时需要结合好题干的逻辑关系,判断好空格处在句中表示转折关系、因果关系,还是选择关系等。
【考例链接】
1.(2014·广东卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
2.(2014·湖南卷)Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people,there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable.
【解析】
1. and。空格处用于连接两个并列分句,根据空格处前后的逻辑关系可知,and符合题意。
2. but。逗号前后是两个并列的句子,结合逻辑关系可知,空格处表示转折,故填but。
有的小题的答案实际上在上下文中已经出现过,因此答题时,有时需要结合好空格处的特点,注意某个词在文中是否重复出现过。
【考例链接】
(2012·广东卷)“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons ?” the teacher asked. The new boy shook his head. Then I’d appreciate it if you didn’t wear them in class. Then he tookoff,gave a big smile and said “That is cool.”
【解析】them。空格处作宾语,指代上文提到的眼镜,结合wear之后的“them”可确定答案。
有的小题涉及的是惯用法,对这方面的掌握情况是能否准确答题的关键。例如,what与do with搭配,how与deal with搭配;doubt后接从句时,主句是肯定句时,引导词使用if或whether等。
【考例链接】
1.(广东省汕头市金平区2016届高三调研)Suppose you broke a cup or a bowl by accident,________would you deal with the broken pieces?
2.(福建省莆田市第二十五中学2016届高三期中)He has almost 600 of them but I doubtthey are worth any money.
【解析】
1. how。根据惯用法可知,deal with常与how搭配使用,故空格处填how。
2. if/whether。doubt后接从句,主句是肯定句时,从句使用if/whether作为引导词。
优先法指的是对于复杂的小题可暂时放到一边,先从简单的小题开始,由易到难,扫除障碍,逐个击破。
【考例链接】
1.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day;the same time, they warm up again for the night.
2.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)For those who f y to Guilin,it’s only an hour awaycar and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
3.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese(painting).
【解析】
1. at。at the same time为介词短语,意为“同时”。
2. by。by car为常用短语,故填by。
3. paintings。根据空前的“many”可知,空格处应填复数名词。
有的小题可采用定势法,例如,提示词是没有比较级和最高级的形容词,且空格处作状语,那么答案是提示词的副词形式;再如,介词之后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
【考例链接】
1.(2016·四川卷)Chinese scientists(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.
2.(2014·江西卷)When it comes to(speak) in public,no one can match him.
3.(2014·陕西卷) It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like(go) for a swim?
【解析】
1. recently。recent没有比较级和最高级形式,空格处作状语,故填recently。
2. speaking。to是介词,后应接动名词。
3. going。feel like后接动名词going作宾语。
词性法指的是根据提示词的词性来确定答案的范围,例如,提示词是名词时,答案涉及名词复数、名词的形容词形式等;提示词是形容词时,答案涉及副词、比较级或最高级、名词等。
【考例链接】
【解析】
1. natural。提示词是名词,考点涉及名词的形容词形式和名词复数等,而空格处作定语,修饰名词“architects”,故填形容词。
2. goes。提示词是动词,考点涉及时态、非谓语动词、形容词、名词等,而空格处作谓语,结合语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时。
3. Luckily。提示词是形容词,涉及的考点包括比较级或最高级、副词、名词等,而空格处作状语,修饰整个句子,故填副词。
删除法,即化繁为简,删除题干中起干扰作用的短语、插入语(如I think/ suppose/ believe,you know,of course等)、从句等,进一步简化题干,这样就容易快速判断出正确答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2012·安徽卷)Walmart,which is one of the lar gest American supermarket chains,(keep) some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
2.(2012·陕西卷)The basketball coach,as well as his team,(be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
【解析】
1. keeps。分析题干时,可删除两个逗号之间的非限制性定语从句,主语是“Walmart”,结合语境可知,空格处用一般现在时。
2. was。可先删除干扰内容“as well as his team”,主语是“coach”,结合“shortly after...”可知,空格处应用一般过去时,故填was。
表面来看,有的小题的答案是不唯一的,这样就需要全面分析题干,辨析好备用答案之间的区别,然后才能下结论。
【考例链接】
1.(2015·上海卷)When I ask him to please put down the phone and stop(ignore) me,he says,“In a minute,” but still checks to see if somebody has posted something new on the Internet.
2.(2015·陕西卷)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress,Anne Benedict went on(thank) all the people who had helped in her career.
【解析】
1. ignoring。stop to do sth.意为“停下来去做某事”,stop doing sth.意为“停止做某事”,故ignoring与语境相符。
2. to thank。go on to do sth.意为“接着去做另一件事”;go on doing sth.意为“继续做同一件事”。“接受奥斯卡最佳女配角奖”和“感谢所有的人”是两件不同的事,故应填不定式。
3. to lock。remember to do sth.意为“记得要做某事”,remember doing sth.意为“记得做过某事”。根据语境“我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了”可知,空格处应填不定式。
常用于选择题的排除法,对语法填空试题也适用,例如,纯空格题的考点涉及介词、冠词、复合句、并列连词等,答题时,可根据题干特点,并结合常考考点逐个排除,缩小范围,最后锁定答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2015·广东卷)Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children;he ownedfarm,which looked almost abandoned.
2. (2015·广东卷)While making great ef forts to run away,she fell over the hill and died;then the Johnsons had to make a livingthe cow.
【解析】
1. a。语法填空题对冠词的考查一般只有一个小题,可结合其他小题的考点覆盖情况来排除、推测可能考查的考点。在题干中,名词“farm”表泛指,故填a。
2. without。介词是全国卷三年来的必考点,但是只占一个小题,答题时注意10个小题的考点分配。根据语境“约翰逊一家不得不在没有牛的情况下谋生”可知,空格处应填介词without。
有的小题涉及了多方面的知识,在分析题干时,需要综合分析,全面考虑,不可顾此失彼,这样才能确定正确答案。
【考例链接】
1.(2015·江苏卷)It might have saved me some troubleI known the schedule.
2.(2014·上海卷)Not until I returned (32)________I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.
3. (2015·广东卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the marketpeople from the towns met regularly.
【解析】
1. had。题干是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,空前是主句,trouble之后的从句谓语应用“had done”,而题干省略了if,把had提到主语前,形成了半倒装结构。
2. did。not until位于句首时,句子应用半倒装结构,结合空后的时态可知,空格处应填助动词did。
3. where。第一个逗号前是when引导的时间状语从句,market之后为限制性定语从句,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导定语从句。
【实战演练】
1. I didn’t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn’t like leaving him________his own either.
2. I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
3. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat________(slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.
4. As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly________thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
5. One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about________(be) late for school.
6. The________(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit;he controls you!
7.________he been told that the meeting would be put off till Friday,he wouldn’t have gone to the meeting room yesterday.
8. In much of Asia,especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China,Japan,Korea,________Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
9.________she could react,I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret from me.
10. A study of travellers________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
【参考答案】1. on 2. that/which 3. slowly 4. how 5. being 6. harder 7. Had 8. and 9. Before 10. conducted