李晨霞 吕 华 倪 俊 冯志娟 韩 娟 章 颖 龚 萍 王仲朴
北京市海淀医院(100080)
·临床分析·
48例剖宫产瘢痕妊娠诊治分析
李晨霞 吕 华 倪 俊 冯志娟 韩 娟 章 颖 龚 萍 王仲朴
北京市海淀医院(100080)
目的:探讨剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的临床特点、早期诊断及治疗方法。方法:对本院2006年7月-2016年10月收治的48例确诊为CSP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:所有患者术前均行彩色多普勒阴道超声(TVS)检查,46例术前明确诊断,2例术中确诊。48例患者中23例行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术联合甲氨蝶呤化疗及清宫术,17例行B超监视下清宫术或直接清宫术,7例行宫腔镜下病灶切除术,1例行经阴道妊娠病灶切除术和子宫瘢痕修补术,所有病例均成功保留了子宫。结论:阴道超声是CSP首选确诊方法,早期发现可保守治疗;治疗应个体化,微创手术能最大程度地降低损伤,保护患者的生育能力,切忌盲目刮宫。
子宫瘢痕部位妊娠;子宫动脉栓塞术;刮宫术;氨甲蝶呤;宫腔镜
剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)是一种特殊类型的异位妊娠,可引起胎盘植入、子宫破裂、大出血等。早期诊治是保留患者生育功能的关键。目前治疗尚缺乏规范性,临床多采用个体化治疗。笔者回顾性分析48例CSP患者的临床资料,探讨其临床表现、诊断及治疗方法,以期提高临床认识,降低治疗风险。
1.1一般资料
1.2诊断方法
1.3治疗方法
①双侧子宫动脉甲氨蝶呤灌注+栓塞治疗+清宫术:将甲氨蝶呤(MTX)选择注入双侧子宫动脉(每侧MTX 25 mg)后,明胶海绵颗粒栓塞双侧子宫动脉,栓塞后48~72h在超声监视下行清宫术。此法适用于内生型与外生型CSP。②B超监视下清宫术或直接清宫术:选用于胎囊下缘位于剖宫产瘢痕处或小部分胎囊位于剖宫产瘢痕处,局部少量血流信号或点状血流信号的内生型CSP患者。③宫腔镜病灶切除术:应用“U”型电切环电切病灶,依据病灶大小及分型加用B超监测,必要时做好腹腔镜监测准备。④经阴道病灶切除术+子宫瘢痕修补术。
1.4观察指标及疗效评价标准
2.1选择的治疗方式
本组23例选择双侧子宫动脉MTX灌注+栓塞治疗+清宫术,17例选择清宫术,7例选择宫腔镜病灶切除术,1例选择经阴道病灶切除术+子宫瘢痕修补术。
2.2各种方式治疗情况
2.3各种治疗结局
3.1 CSP的发生机制
据报道CSP发病率为正常部位妊娠的1/1800~1/2250[4]。随着近年来剖宫产率的升高, CSP的发生率及其确诊率也呈现逐年增长的趋势[5],但发病机制尚未完全明确,多数学者认为CSP时受精卵通过剖宫产子宫瘢痕的裂隙,或通过子宫内膜与瘢痕之间的窦道侵入子宫内膜层完成植入。剖宫产术后不同时间发生CSP的机制不同[6-7],本组资料中14.6%有≥2次剖宫产史,而且18.8%在剖宫产后有过正常位置妊娠,CSP的发生机制有待进一步明确,因此目前对其预防和治疗也缺乏针对性。
3.2临床特征及诊断
临床表现无特异性,阴道超声诊断CSP的准确率达84.6%[8]。本组病例首次经阴道超声检查确诊占95.8%,表明超声检查在CSP的治疗及随访中发挥着重要的作用[9],为判断病情严重程度,选择治疗方案,评价疗效及随访结局提供依据。也有文献表明,磁共振成像(MRI)能通过多维图像清楚地分辨妊娠囊与子宫腔剖宫产术后瘢痕部位的关系, 可用于CSP的早期诊断和监测疗效,但MRI价格较昂贵,可用于超声检查难以确诊时的补充诊断方法[10]。
3.3 CSP治疗方法的选择
目前治疗方法包括手术治疗和药物治疗,但是单纯药物治疗时间和住院时间较长,因此,药物治疗更多是与子宫动脉栓塞、清宫术以及病灶切除术等联合应用。
3.3.2超声引导下行吸宫术或刮宫术。有学者认为针对内生型病灶而言,瘢痕肌层厚度≥35mm的病灶,在超声引导下行吸宫术或刮宫术是安全有效的,其他的治疗方案反而是一种过度的治疗[15]。但大多数的文献报道并不推荐[8]。行吸宫术或者刮宫术时如果操作不当可能造成子宫穿孔、大出血,需急转开腹治疗,术中甚至切除子宫[16]。本资料中15例在超声引导下行清宫术,出血>50ml有3例,最多1例出血200ml,行水囊压迫止血。本资料中2例术前误诊为宫内孕直接清宫,术中均发生出血,术中经彩超确诊均为CSP。所以刮宫术前应注意充分医患沟通,并严格局限于胎囊下缘位于剖宫产瘢痕处或小部分胎囊位于剖宫产瘢痕处的早孕期内生型CSP患者。不主张盲目清宫,尤其对于II型CSP患者。应用刮宫或吸宫术治疗CSP,术前需备血,并做好止血措施,防止大出血。
本组资料表明,随着对CSP认识的加深,超声检查可早期诊断,使得微创手术治疗成为可能。双侧子宫动脉MTX灌注+栓塞治疗+清宫术已成为CSP首选治疗手段;宫腔镜下病灶切除术可作为治疗CSP的有效方法;刮宫术作为一种传统的手术方式可有效去除大部分病灶,实时超声监测可减少出血和避免子宫损伤;经阴道CSP病灶切除术也是一种很好的微创治疗方法。不同患者应采取个性化治疗方法并严格掌握适应证。微创手术能最大程度地降低损伤,保护患者的生育能力,切忌盲目刮宫。
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[责任编辑:张 璐]
Analysisofdiagnosisandtreatmentof48patientswithcesareanscarpregnancy
LI Chenxia, LV Hua, NI Jun,FENG Zhijuan, HAN Juan, ZHANG Ying, GONG Ping, WANG Zhongpu
BeijingHaidianHospital, 100080
Objective: To discuss the etiological factor,clinical characteristics,early diagnosis and treatment methods of cesarean scar pregnancy(CSP). Methods: 48 patients with CSP in Beijing Haidian Hospital between July 2006 and October 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Results: All patients
transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography examination before operation. 46 of them were final diagnosed, and the diagnosis rate was 95.8%. Among them, 23 patients had been interventional chemotherapy and uterine artery embolization(UAE) combined with curettage, 7 patients received hysteroscopy and lesion excision, 15 patient got ultrasound guided curettage,2 patient got direct dilatation and curettage, and 1 patient got transvaginal surgery and lesion excision. All patients had received conservative treatment successfully, and their fertility was preserved. Conclusion: Transvaginal ultrasound is a preferred diagnostic method for patients with CSP. Most patients diagnosed early can preserve their fertility by conservative treatment successfully, and treatment should be individualized. The microinvasive operation is important for patients with CSP, which can minimize lesion dimensions, and maximally retain their fertility. Blind curettage should be avoided.
Cesarean scar pregnancy; Uterine artery embolization; Dilatation and curetlage; Methotrexate; Hysteroscopy
10.3969/j.issn.1004-8189.2017.06.008
2017-02-22
2017-03-16