杨立胜 何安琪 刘刚
直肠前突的外科治疗进展
杨立胜 何安琪 刘刚
直肠前突(RC)是引起梗阻性排便障碍综合征的重要原因之一,患者由于长期排便困难生活质量受到严重影响。外科手术是治疗RC的一种重要方法,患者若具备手术指征应及时选择合适的手术方法进行治疗。RC手术方法众多,按照手术入路可分为经肛门手术、经阴道手术、经腹部手术和经会阴手术。本文主要从上述四类手术方法进行介绍,通过综述近年来新进展以期为RC的外科治疗提供依据。
直肠; 治疗; 直肠前突; 外科手术
直肠前突(rectocele,RC)是引起梗阻性排便障碍综合征(obstructed defecation syndrome,ODS)的重要原因之一[1],患者因长期忍受排便困难的困扰,生活质量受到了严重影响。随着生活方式的改变和社会老龄化的加快,RC发病率逐年升高,引起了国内外众多学者的关注。由于非手术治疗效果常难以令人满意,外科手术成为治疗RC的一种重要方法。近年来伴随科技的进步,RC的外科治疗方法也在不断改进,本文现对RC的外科治疗进展做一综述,以期为RC的外科治疗提供依据。
RC是一种由直肠前壁突向阴道后壁的疝[2],又称直肠前膨出,以中老年女性多见。多数学者认为RC与分娩、慢性便秘等过程致腹内压力升高、盆底组织结构松弛、直肠阴道隔损伤相关[3],也有学者报道其可能与肛门内外括约肌薄弱、直肠阴道压力梯度异常有关[4-5]。
按照解剖部位的不同,RC可分为低位、中位和高位三种类型,而中位RC又可进一步分为两型,I型以肛管静息压力相对升高、慢性排便障碍为特点,II型则表现为肛管静息压力正常或降低伴相关盆腔脏器脱垂[6]。依据盆腔器官脱垂量化系统(pelvic organ prolapse quantifcation system,POP-Q),RC可分为0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期[7]。按照排粪造影所示前突深度,RC又可分为轻度、中度和重度[8]。
当RC深度大于15 mm时,往往引起便秘、大便干结、便不尽感、排便费力、腹痛腹胀、会阴部坠胀不适等症状[9-13],部分患者甚至需要手助排便[14]。直肠指检能触及直肠前壁薄弱松弛区,阴道检查可发现阴道后壁膨出[2],排粪造影则直接显示排便时直肠前下壁呈囊袋状突向前方及相应部位直肠阴道隔移位[15]。
轻度RC优先考虑非手术治疗,主要包括定期锻炼、增加水分和膳食纤维摄入、应用渗透性通便药物、生物反馈训练等[2,15-16]。正规非手术治疗症状不缓解者及中重度RC患者则需考虑外科手术[17]。手术目的在于消除薄弱区,加固直肠阴道隔。RC的外科手术适应证包括[18]:(1)需用手协助排便;(2)直肠指检、排粪造影或盆腔CT显示直肠前壁呈囊袋状向前突出;(3)排粪造影或CT显示RC≥3.1 cm;(4)排粪造影时RC内钡剂残留。
国外文献报道的RC手术方式较多,根据手术入路可分为经肛门手术、经阴道手术、经腹部手术和经会阴手术,四类不同的手术方法各具特点——经肛门手术操作简单,能同时处理伴随的其它直肠肛管疾病,但可能出现严重出血等并发症;经阴道手术可取得较好的解剖修复效果,但存在发生术后性交痛等风险;经腹部手术的优势在于可以精细地进行盆腔操作,却无法切除直肠内冗长的黏膜组织;而经会阴手术虽少有术后性交痛发生,但对盆腔或直肠内疾病均无治疗作用。因此,很难确定治疗RC的最佳术式,需要权衡利弊,选取适当手术方法。
(一)经肛门手术
经肛门入路治疗RC是当今国外研究的热点,传统的Sehapayak法、Khubchandani法和Block法现已少用,随着外科医师经验的积累和吻合器技术的进步,一些新术式不断产生,主要包括经肛门吻合器直肠切除(stapled transanal rectal resection,STARR)术、Transtar术、TST STARR+术以及Bresler术。
目前,STARR术是国际上治疗ODS的常用术式,其利用2把环形吻合器分别切除直肠前、后壁黏膜和黏膜下层,既可减小RC深度,又能去除冗长的直肠后壁组织,同时吻合口瘢痕形成可使黏膜下层与肌层黏连,起到加固直肠壁的作用[19],尤其适于RC合并其它直肠肛管疾病(如直肠黏膜脱垂、直肠内套叠)的治疗。许多报道肯定了STARR的近期疗效,如欧洲一项纳入2 838名STARR术后患者的多中心研究[20]表明,术后12个月患者排便障碍显著改善,ODS评分由15.8分降至5.8分。从远期疗效来看,STARR手术似乎也是安全、有效的[21]。但最近一项Meta分析显示STARR手术疗效可能被夸大,而且有报道称STARR术后18个月复发率开始增加,术后24个月ODS评分也开始升高,远期效果令人失望[22-23]。STARR手术因钉仓容量小、切除组织少,且术者无法在直视下进行操作,具有一定的技术局限,为探索新的手术技术学者们进行了不懈的努力。
Transtar术是STARR的一种改良术式,通过使用一把CCS-30 Contour Transtar弧形吻合器达到切除更多组织的目的[24]。Transtar术在短期内可以缓解症状,显著改善生活质量,急便感发生率及复发率低[25-26],但由于术后存在危及生命的直肠出血风险[19],Transtar手术安全性问题仍不能忽视。2014年意大利学者Naldini等[27]提出STARR的一种最新改良术式——TST STARR+术,该术式使用一把具有4个可视开窗、外径36 mm的环形吻合器,既可改善术者视野又能增加切除组织量。在Ren等[28]的研究中,术后78%患者表示满意,Wexner便秘评分也显著下降,吻合口出血、急便感等并发症发生率及复发率降低。但由于目前此术式开展较少,远期疗效尚需进一步研究证实。
Bresler术最早由法国学者Bresler于1993年提出,利用一把直线缝合器纵行切除直肠前壁冗长的黏膜、黏膜下层和部分肌层,同时钛钉闭合并缝合切割线,达到修补加固直肠阴道隔的目的[29]。该术式治疗RC简单、安全,具有良好的近期和远期疗效,但不足之处是吻合口易形成肉芽肿和出血[29-30];近年,国内始有改良Bresler术的报道,并取得了满意的近期疗效,且无严重并发症发生[31],展现了良好的应用前景。随后Liu等[32]将Bresler术与part-STARR联合治疗RC合并直肠内套叠的患者,结果表明联合术式虽然平均手术时间长,但术后6个月在Wexner便秘评分、满意度调查、排粪造影三方面均优于STARR术式,显示出更佳的远期疗效,不过此结果尚需大样本、多中心随机研究的验证。
(二)经阴道手术
经阴道手术可较好地暴露盆内筋膜和肛提肌,利于解剖修复,但可能发生术后性交痛[2,19]。传统经阴道手术主要包括经阴道闭式修补术、切开修补术,前者直接贯穿缝合阴道壁及其深部组织,而后者则需切开阴道后壁,将直肠阴道隔折叠、缝合至中线,或将直肠阴道隔特定缺损部位与宫颈周围环、阴道穹隆缝合从而发挥加固作用[19,33]。国外文献报道上述方法的解剖成功率约73~96%,然而也存在约3~27%的术后性交痛发生率[34]。为减小疼痛、提高解剖修补效果,人们开始探索将补片用于经阴道RC修补术中。补片主要包括合成补片和生物补片,尽管合成补片可取得良好的解剖修复效果,但并发症(如补片磨损、性交痛、感染等)限制了其广泛使用,而生物补片可能减少这些并发症[34],如Marinkovic等[35]对41名RC患者行经阴道生物补片植入术,术后8年并发症发生率仅为12.1%。由于目前相关数据尚不完善,有关经阴道补片植入的探索仍需要深入进行。
国外研究显示RC患者会阴体中央薄弱并向两侧移位[36],组织固定系统(tissue fxation system,TFS)经阴道会阴体修补术可以纠正上述改变。该术式通过将TFS锚状物插入至会阴深横肌,利用7 mm宽的聚丙烯吊带使侧方移位的会阴体升高并向中央聚集,术后胶原组织形成新的中心腱使直肠浆肌层、阴道及会阴体相连而发挥加固作用[37]。Wagenlehner等[38]利用此方法治疗重度RC 30例,术后1年90%患者治愈,ODS评分由19分降至4分,达到良好的解剖修复效果,且无术后性交痛发生。近来,Shafk等[39]在阴道入路中采用直线缝合器治疗RC获得了良好的近期疗效,此术式在减小RC深度的同时又不会导致大便失禁,术后并发症少,主要为急便感(8.3%)。由于这项经阴道吻合器直肠切除术开展时间不长,远期疗效尚需进一步研究的评估。
(三)经腹部手术
传统的直肠悬吊固定术需要广泛游离直肠后壁,可能因损伤神经而致便秘加重或出现新发便秘症状,文献报道发生率在30~50%[40]。自2004年D′Hoore等[41]报道腹腔镜直肠悬吊固定术可取得良好疗效以来,多项研究均得出相似结论,如法国学者Wong等[42]利用此术式治疗84例复杂性RC患者,术后29个月便秘症状由83%显著下降至46%,且无新的便秘症状产生。机器人手术是近年新兴的一种手术方式,具有三维放大、震颤滤过、清晰显示盆底重要结构等固有优势,其与腹腔镜手术在中转开腹率、复发率及功能预后(如大便失禁、排便障碍及性功能影响等)方面均无显著差异[43-44]。虽然机器人手术时间长、费用高,但其可在狭小的盆腔范围内进行更为精细的操作,术中出血更少,对于治疗复杂性RC安全可行[44]。
(四)经会阴手术
经会阴手术主要包括传统的经会阴修补术(transperineal repair,TPR)和经会阴补片植入术。TPR需在阴道口背侧做一横向弧形切口,将阴道后壁与会阴体、直肠阴道隔分离至子宫颈水平,再缝合两侧的肛提肌筋膜使其向中线聚集,并修复、重建会阴体以加固直肠阴道隔薄弱区[6]。近来有报道称将TPR与局部内括约肌切开术(limited internal sphincterotomy,LIS)联合治疗RC可取得更好的临床疗效,但由于LIS可能导致暂时性大便失禁[6],TPR联合LIS术的远期疗效还需进一步观察。虽然早在1996年就有经会阴补片植入术的报道[45],但此术式并未得到广泛开展,相关文献报道较少。随后的几项小样本研究表明经会阴途径植入合成补片或生物补片均可获得良好的近期疗效,与经阴道补片植入术相似,经会阴生物补片植入术可以避免合成补片相关的并发症发生[46-47],在降低并发症方面可能更具优势。
综上,RC的外科治疗始于20世纪初期,虽然经过了数十年的发展历程,但手术效果仍未达到理想水平。由于存在研究设计欠严谨、样本量小、纳入排除标准不统一、手术操作不规范、术后疗效评价标准不一致、术后随访时间短等问题,RC外科治疗的远期效果尚需大样本多中心随机对照研究的评估。相信随着今后外科治疗方法的不断完善和规范化,RC患者将会获得更佳的疗效和更满意的生活质量。
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Progress in the surgical treatment of rectocele
Yang Lisheng, He Anqi, Liu Gang.
Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
Liu Gang, Email: landmark1059@163.com
Rectocele is one of the major reasons of obstructed defecation syndrome, and the quality of life for many patients has been seriously affected due to long-term constipation. Surgical operation is an important method for the therapy of rectocele. Prompt surgery and appropriate surgical procedures are critical when surgery is indicated. According to the different surgical approaches, surgery can be divided into transanal, transvaginal, transabdominal and transperineal procedures. This article, which was introduced mainly from the above four surgical approaches, reviewed the recent research advances in order to provide the evidence for the surgical treatment of rectocele.
Rectum; Therapy; Rectocele; Surgical procedures, operative
2016-12-29)
(本文编辑:杨明)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2017.05.012
天津市卫生局科技基金资助项目(No.2010KZ114)
300052 天津医科大学总医院普通外科
刘刚,Email:landmark1059@163.com
杨立胜, 何安琪, 刘刚. 直肠前突的外科治疗进展[J/CD]. 中华结直肠疾病电子杂志, 2017, 6(5): 410-413.