PI3K/AKT信号通路与心肌缺血再灌注损伤

2017-01-10 21:48孙凤娟赵圣刚江力勤
中国心血管病研究 2017年11期
关键词:激酶磷酸化心肌细胞

孙凤娟 赵圣刚 江力勤

综 述

PI3K/AKT信号通路与心肌缺血再灌注损伤

孙凤娟 赵圣刚 江力勤

PI3K/AKT;信号通路;心肌缺血再灌注损伤

心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury,MIRI)是各种缺血性心肌病再灌注治疗过程中不可避免的,并且随着冠状动脉介入治疗及溶栓治疗的广泛开展,减轻缺血再灌注损伤对提高再灌注疗效显得尤为重要。目前研究认为MIRI的机制主要与炎症因子释放、氧自由基产生、钙离子超载、线粒体损伤和能量代谢障碍及中性粒细胞浸润有关。近来,磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶 B(phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)信号通路在MIRI中的重要作用受到广泛关注。

1 PI3K/AKT的结构与生物学功能

PI3K是一类具有酶活性的蛋白质,由磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol,PI)肌醇环上的第 3 位碳原子发生磷酸化而形成,是具有重要作用的转导信号之一。根据其作用底物与排序不同可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ这3个亚型[1]:Ⅰ型主要磷酸化PI(4,5)P2;Ⅱ型主要磷酸化PI和PI-4P;Ⅲ型仅磷酸化PI。PI3K/AKT通路中发挥作用的为Ⅰ型,此类是由一个调节亚基与一个催化亚基构成的异源二聚体。调节亚基又被称为P85,含有SH2及SH3结构域,与相应的靶蛋白结合发挥作用;而催化亚基有4种,除一种仅存在于白细胞外,其余广泛分布于各种类型细胞中。PI3K的活化刺激因子包括多种细胞生长因子及信号转导复合物,这些刺激因子激活受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosinekinase,RTK),从而引起其磷酸化,受体磷酸化后会募集到一个接头蛋白,之后调节亚基的SH2和SH3结构域与接头蛋白结合,当PI3K与活化的受体结合后,再经过多种中间体的磷酸化,最终使PI3K被磷酸化而激活[2]。

AKT相对分子质量大约为60 KD,由约480个氨基酸残基排列组成,是由原癌基因c-AKT编码的一种具有丝-苏氨酸激酶活性的蛋白,又被称作蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB)。它是PI3K信号转导通路上一个非常重要的下游靶点。活化的AKT为p-AKT,可调节下游的靶蛋白如内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS),糖原合成激酶(glycogen synthase kinase,GSK)-3β,叉头蛋白O亚家族(Fork-head O subfamily,FOXOs),雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR),凋亡相关基因 Bcl-2、caspase-3、Bax等,调节细胞的存活、增殖、凋亡等[3,4]。如PI3K/AKT/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)1/2 主要功能是调节线粒体功能和细胞凋亡。另外,PI3K/AKT通路参与突触形成、树突棘发育和突触可塑性的维持[5,6],并通过调节GSK-3活性来调节β-淀粉样多肽(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)的代谢和 tau 蛋白磷酸化[7,8],可影响人类的学习和记忆。随着对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究,发现PI3K/AKT信号传导的激活可抑制I/R过程中的炎症反应、氧化应激、细胞凋亡及内质网(ER)应激[9],并一定程度上改善内皮完整性[3],减少再灌注心脏中的M1巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞浸润[10],起到保护心肌细胞的作用。

2 PI3K/AKT与心肌缺血再灌注损伤

2.1 PI3K/AKT与细胞凋亡 MIRI是指闭塞的冠状动脉在恢复血流灌注后,缺血的心肌细胞损伤和功能障碍进一步加重,甚至转化为不可逆,并最终导致心肌梗死面积增加。该过程涉及多种分子、基因及信号通路复杂而精细的调控。大量研究表明,心肌细胞死亡是造成心肌梗死患者预后差的主要原因。在MIRI过程中,PI3K/AKT信号通路可能通过其抗细胞凋亡作用,保护受损心肌细胞,其中机制可能是PI3K/AKT信号通路受外界刺激而激活,当 PI3K活化后,磷脂酰肌醇(3,4,5)-磷酸盐(PIP3)积聚在细胞膜上,然后招募含有PH结构域的蛋白质,包括磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶-1(phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1,PDK-1)和AKT,而后PDK-1再磷酸化AKT的Thr308位点和Ser473位点,共同激活AKT。当AKT被激活后,进一步激活涉及细胞增殖、代谢的多个下游信号通路,并影响下游两种凋亡相关底物的磷酸化,包括Bcl-2在内的抗凋亡底物增加和包括caspase3、Bax的促凋亡底物减少,发挥抗细胞凋亡作用[11-13]。Tang等[14]通过给MIRI模型大鼠使用PI3K的抑制剂LY294002,发现除了下游AKT的活化受到抑制,Ser473的磷酸化也相应减少,更加验证了PI3K/AKT通路是MIRI中保护心肌细胞的重要机制。除此之外,PI3K/AKT在心肌细胞的生长、存活过程中也发挥重要作用,并受胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)调节[15,16]。以前的大量研究发现,PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO途径在胰岛素介导的I/R损伤保护作用中具有重要作用[17]。近来,Sun等[18]进一步提出,AKT增强N-myc下游调节基因2(N-myc downstream regulated gene 2,NDRG2)磷酸化是胰岛素减少心肌细胞凋亡的重要通路。心脏上广泛分布着δ-和κ-阿片样受体,二者的活化可有效减轻心肌梗死。进一步的研究表明,δ-阿片受体激活可进一步激活PI3K/AKT信号通路,这可能是瑞芬太尼发挥心脏保护作用的重要机制[19]。研究发现,丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠可减少MIRI过程中的细胞凋亡,减少心肌梗死面积,这种保护机制涉及PI3K/Akt/FOXO3A/Bim抗凋亡通路激活,进而抑制细胞凋亡相关caspase-3、细胞色素c的释放和Bim表达[20]。近期报道显示,PI3K/AKT依赖性信号通路的抗细胞凋亡作用还可能与PTEN表达抑制、下游GSK-3β激活、减少过度的自噬功能有关[21-23]。自噬是一种动态过程,介导细胞器和蛋白质溶酶体相关的降解过程,并通过调节细胞存活和死亡途径在细胞内稳态中起关键作用[24]。除此之外,自噬可能发挥细胞保护作用[25]。但是,自噬的过度上调已被报道可引起心肌细胞死亡[26]。而且PI3K调节自噬的功能受上游PI3K-Beclin1-mTOR自噬调节网络的影响[27]。

2.2 PI3K/AKT与线粒体功能障碍及能量代谢 能量代谢障碍是MIRI的始发环节现已成为广泛共识。近年来研究表明,线粒体与己糖激酶Ⅱ(mitochondrially-bound hexokinaseⅡ,mtHKⅡ)结合是缺血预处理的重要环节,而AKT可激活mtHKⅡ进而影响线粒体功能、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生产和线粒体能量代谢,减少心肌细胞凋亡[28]。之前已有研究显示,缺血预处理和后处理均涉及PI3K/AKT/eNOS途径的激活,并最终阻止线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeablity transition pore,MPTP)的开放[29]。众所周知,心肌缺血期间,pH显著下降,再灌注后pH恢复正常,而随后会引发ROS生成和MPTP开放,最终导致心肌细胞死亡,而酸中毒可以预防MPTP开放[30]。Qiao等[31]发现,在再灌注早期酸化输注可以模拟缺血后处理延迟恢复pH值,可保护心肌免受缺血再灌注损伤,其中机制与上述相同。近年来研究发现,Rho激酶信号的调节对于细胞收缩、增殖和凋亡坏死等功能是非常重要的[32,33],而且Rho激酶可作为PI3K激活的负调节因子在缺血心肌中被激活[34]。法舒地尔作为一种Rho激酶抑制剂,对缺血性心脏病具有明显保护作用,该作用是因其上调PI3K/AKT/eNOS途径并诱导其下游靶点线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel,mitoKATP channel)的开放,增强 Cx43 的表达[35]。可见Rho激酶活性的抑制是预防心肌缺血再灌注损伤的新靶点。七氟醚因比其他吸入麻醉药诱导和恢复更快、更平稳,广泛用于心脏手术。近期研究发现七氟醚处理可使MIRI心肌梗死面积减小、ATP含量增加、心肌细胞凋亡减少,并进一步证实这主要是由于PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号的激活及对线粒体能量代谢的保护[36]。

2.3 PI3K/AKT与氧化应激及炎症反应 氧化应激是促进缺血再灌注损伤进展的重要原因之一。有研究证实再灌注损伤的关键特征包括ATP/NADH的丧失、氧化应激水平增强和细胞死亡增加。而PI3K/AKT信号通路可以激活核因子E2相关因子-2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2,Nrf-2),随后Nrf-2直接抑制氧化应激或者通过调节抗氧化酶作用抵抗缺氧再复氧带来的氧化应激反应,从而保护心肌细胞[37]。研究表明,中药伊卡林(icaritin,ICT)可以激活PI3K/AKT途径,抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)产生,增加白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)水平而发挥抗炎作用,并减少超氧化物和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量来减轻氧化应激,最终达到减轻大鼠MIRI的作用[38]。长期以来高压氧预处理(hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning,HBO-PC) 用于治疗多种活性氧损伤相关的疾病,如局灶性脑缺血、脊髓缺血性损伤、外伤性脑损伤等[39,40]。近年来Yin等[41]发现,HBO-PC能减轻MIRI,涉及机制可能是 PI3K/AKT/Nrf-2/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)依赖型抗氧化防御系统的激活。以前大量研究表明,气体分子SO2主要通过线粒体损伤及氧化应激加重心肌损伤[42]。但最近的一项研究提出,PI3K/AKT途径参与低剂量(1~10 μmol/kg)SO2预处理对大鼠 MIRI的保护[43]。调节性 T细胞(Regulatory cell,Treg)通过调节炎症反应减弱心室重塑[44],并可能参与他汀类药物预处理引起的心脏保护作用[45]。近期研究也有类似发现,在缺血再灌注早期,N,N-二甲基鞘氨醇(N,N-dimethylsphingosine,DMS)可能在体内通过PI3K/AKT途径招募Treg来减轻MIRI[46]。除此之外,一种间充质干细胞衍生出的外来体可以升高小鼠ATP和NADH水平,降低氧化应激水平,增加AKT和GSK-3β磷酸化,减少c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminalkinase,c-JNK)磷酸化,显著减轻局部和全身炎症,从而增强MIRI后的心脏功能,减轻心肌损伤[47]。因此,此外来体可能是心肌梗死再灌注治疗的潜在治疗策略。之前一项研究显示,高迁移率族蛋白 1(high mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)在MIRI早期可作为一种促炎细胞因子与TNF-α和IL-6一起加剧炎症反应,并可促进二者释放[48]。Li等[49]报道PI3K/AKT途径激活可能抑制大鼠HMGB1表达,减轻炎症反应,减轻心肌损伤。

3 总结

总的来说,PI3K/AKT在MIRI的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。PI3K/AKT通路的激活可通过多种途径减轻MIRI,但其机制复杂,特别是上游激活因子及下游作用靶点还有待于进一步探讨。虽然目前关于PI3K/AKT通路的研究多数仍处于实验阶段,但是有理由相信,PI3K/AKT通路的药物干预可能成为治疗MIRI的新策略,并且其抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡及减轻线粒体能量代谢障碍等的机制也为某些基于PI3K/AKT通路发挥作用的药物提供更广泛的应用前景。

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PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

PI3K/AKT;Signaling pathway;Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2017.11.003

R542.2

A

1672-5301(2017)11-0968-05

浙江省中医药科学研究基金计划(项目编号:2015ZA204)

233000 安徽省蚌埠市,蚌埠医学院究生部(孙凤娟);嘉兴学院附属第二医院心血管内科(赵圣刚、江力勤)

江力勤,E-mail:jiangliqin@medmail.com.cn

2017-07-08)

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