关系副词与“介词+关系代词”重难点解读

王玉峰

定语从句中的关系副词与“介词+关系代词“关系密切，在有些情况下，两者甚至可以相互转换。本文将结合典型例题，从关系副词的特点、关系副词与关系代词的区别、介词+关系代词结构等方面进行解读。

一、关系副词

引导定语从句的关系副词有三个：when，where和why，分别指时间、地点和原因。关系副词在所引导的定语从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语，其先行词是指时间、地点和原因的名词或代词。

（一）when

关系副词when可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，先行词是指时间的名词或代词，如time，hour，year，month，week，century，night，morning，evening等。例如：

July and August are the months when the weather is hot.七八月是天气很热的月份。

I can imagine that the right time might be the beginning of this century，when our people are living a fairly comfortable life.

我能设想，本世纪初应该是对的时机，那时人民的生活达到小康水平。

【例】As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.

【答案与解析】when。定语从句的先行词是time，从句中缺少时间状语，用关系副词when。句意：作为家里最小的孩子，艾历克斯总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。

（二）where

关系副词where可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，先行词是指地点的名词或代词，如place，town，building，school，city，country等。另外，有些抽象的地点，如case，job，work，situation，state，point等，也可以用where引导定语从句。例如：

Many people move to the country，where they can enjoy peace and fresh air.

许多人迁居到乡村，在那儿他们能呼吸新鲜空气，过上宁静的生活。

New York？蒺s Bronx Zoo has a building where day is turned into night.

纽约的布朗克斯动物园内有一个建筑，在那里白天会变为晚上。

I have heard of a case where a young guy riding a bus did not offer his seat to a woman with a baby even when it began to cry.

我听说有这样的情况，有个年轻人坐车，不给一位抱着娃娃的妇女让座，即使娃娃哭了他也不理。

【例】Opposite is St.Paul？蒺s Church，______ you can hear some lovely music.

【答案与解析】where/in which。这是一个定语从句，先行词是St.Paul？蒺s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作地点状语。用where，也可以转换成 in which。句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到一些优美的音乐。

（三）why

关系副词why引导限制性定语从句，一般不引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是reason。例如：

The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

I fail to see any reason why we should worry ourselves about those people.

我真不懂我们为什么要替那些人担忧。

二、关系副词与关系代词的区别

引导定语从句是用关系副词还是用关系代词不是取决于先行词，而是取决于关系词本身在所引导的定语从句中所作的成分，如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语，则用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语，则用关系副词。例如：

There was a time when talking about the weather was a safe topic of conversation.

曾几何时，天气是一个安全的聊天话题。

The reason（that/which） he gave us for being late for school sounded reasonable.

他给我们讲的迟到的原因听起来有道理。（that，which用作定语从句中 gave的宾语，所以也可省略）

Don？蒺t forget the time （that/which） I？蒺ve told you the day before yesterday.

不要忘记我前天告诉你的时间。（that，which在定语从句中作told的宾语，所以也可省略）

【例】China Today attracts a worldwide readership， shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

【答案与解析】which。根据句式结构来看，出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。关系词代指前面的《今日中国》，在定语从句中作主语，that不引导非限制性定语从句，所以用which。句意：《今日中国》有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。

【例】The books on the desk， covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

【答案与解析】whose。先行词为the books，和covers之间存在所有关系，用whose表示 “……的”。不能根据desk而用where，定语从句所缺的成分是定语，用关系代词。如果在covers之前加上定冠词the，则需要用of+which结构。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。

【例】Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit is driving your family crazy.

【答案与解析】that/which。定语从句缺少主语，用关系代词。先行词指物，所以用that或which。句意：也许你面临一种无法应对的处境，也许你有一个让家人抓狂的习惯。

三、介词+关系代词

“介词+关系代词”结构在所引导的定语从句中作状语。其中，介词的使用要考虑其与从句的动词、名词、形容词等的搭配关系，还要考虑与先行词之间的搭配关系。其中的关系代词用which或whom，如果关系代词作定语则会有“介词+whose+名词”结构出现，不会出现that/who或者关系副词。表示“所属”关系的关系代词whose可以与of which或者of whom转换。

This is the man to whom I referred.= This is the man （whom） I referred to.

我指的就是这个人。

I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.我想找到一个可以谈论书籍和音乐的人。（搭配discuss sth. with sb.）

He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.他要我去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。（搭配be familiar with）

This is our classroom，in the front of which there is a teacher？蒺s desk.这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。（搭配in the front of our classroom）

The treasure，some of which has been recovered，has been sent to the British Museum.

这些宝藏已送往英国博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。（搭配some of them）

One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.前人栽树，后人乘凉。

On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence，the meaning of which/whose meaning I

don？蒺t understand.

老师在黑板上写了一个句子，句子的意思我不明白。（搭配the meaning of the sentence）

【例】He wrote many children？蒺 s books，nearly half of were published in the 1990s.

【答案与解析】which。先行词books指物，定语从句中of缺少宾语，是“介词+关系代词”结构。

【例】Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends.

【答案与解析】which。根据句子结构看出是“介词+关系代词”，先行词skill指物，用关系代词which。句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。

四、关系副词与“介词+关系代词”转换

由于关系副词与“介词+关系代词”都在所引导的定语从句中作状语，因此两者大部分情况下可以相互转换，即：why=for which，where=in/at/on/...which，when=during/on/in/...which。例如：

I？蒺ll never forget the day when/on which she said goodbye to me.

我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。（when=on which）

That？蒺s the house where/in which he lived 10 years ago.

那就是他10年前住过的房子。（where =in which）

Please tell me the reason why you were absent.

请告诉我你为什么缺席。（why =for which）

【例】Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.

【答案与解析】where/in which。in the atmosphere是一个短语，根据句子意思“创造出一种让员工感觉自己是其中一员的氛围是一个巨大的挑战”看出是定语从句，因此用in which，也可以用where，此时 where指的是一种抽象的地点。

五、where引导的定语从句与其他从句区别

where引导定语从句时典型的特点是有先行词，可以与“介词+关系代词”转换，同时where也可以引导状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。例如：

I wonder who he is，where he came from and why he came.

我很想知道他是谁，从哪里来，来干什么。（where引导宾语从句，不用in which）

This is where the waters of the Amazon flow out into the sea.

这里是亚马逊河水流入大海的地方。（where引导表语从句，不用in which）

Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjing River meet.

武汉位于长江与汉江的交汇口。（where引导地点状语从句，不用in which，没有先行词）

Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者事竟成。（where引导地点状语从句）

六、先行词是way时定语从句的引导词

当先行词是way时，引导定语从句的in which可以用that代替，而且that也可以省掉。例如：

Talk to us，and you？蒺ll get to know something about what we do and the way （that/in which） we do it.

双方交谈能使你们了解我们的工作及工作的方式。

The way （that/in which） the New Year is celebrated in the west today is not actually that old.

现代西方庆祝新年的方式其实并没有那么久远的历史。

【巩固练习】在横线上填上适当的词。每空一词。

1.Students should involve themselves in community activities （ ） they can gain experience for growth.

2.Is this the reason （ ） he refused our offer？？摇

3.He is unlikely to find the place （ ） he lived forty years ago.

4.One change gives me particular encouragement is the way （

） Sine-British relation have developed.

5.The truth was that the people I looked for help were by no means my favourite.

6.We？蒺ll never forget the day we spent in the village.

7.He will always remember the day （ ） his father returned from America.

8.That is why our policy will not lead to a situation （ ） the rich get richer while the poor get poorer.

Suggested Answers：

1.where/in which 2.why/for which 3.where/in which 4.that/which；that/in which 5.from whom 6.that/which 7.when/on which？摇8.where/in which