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中图分类号:G633.41 文献标识码:C 文章编号:1672-1578(2016)08-0127-02
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句都具有名词的属性,相当于一个名词在句中做成分,所以统称为名词性从句。名词性从句不管是疑问的意思还是陈述的意思,都要用陈述语序。名词性从句的连接词有很多是相同的,可以进行分组学习。
1 名词性从句连接词的学习
下面是分组讲解:
(1) That: That 连接名词性从句,只起连接作用,不在从句中做成分。在宾语从句中可以省略。
例句:The teacher informed us (that )we would have a test the next day.
(2) If 和whether:有是否的含义,表示一般疑问。主语从句和表语从句中只能用whether不能用If。If 和whether也不在从句中做成分,只起连接作用。如:The trouble is whether he can come on time.
(3) 疑问代词who ,whom,whose,what ,which:这几个连接词不但起连接作用,也在从句中做名词或代词所做的成分,如主语,表语,宾语,定语。缺少连接代词,从句不完整。如:Who will come here hasnt been known.
(4) 疑问副词when,where,why,how: 这几个连接词不但起连接作用,也在从句中做状语表示时间,地点,原因和方式。如:No one knows where he lives.
2 名词性从句中连接词的具体用法
具体到每种名词性从句,连接词的具体用法也有不同之处。下面介绍每种名词性从句中连接词的具体用法:
(1)主语从句:从句做主语,谓语动词用单数形式;如:That he is a good man is well known in this village.
that 连接主语从句,不在从句中做成分,不可以省略,如:That we will be late is certain;
表示是否或者疑问的含义,用whether连接主语从句,不能用if; whether也只起连接作用,不在从句中做成分;如:whether they will go to Beijing hasnt been decided.
疑问副词和疑问代词连接主语从句,连接词不但起连接作用,还在从句中做成分,自然也不能省略。如:Where the English evening will be held has not yet announced.
从句做主语时,很多情况下常常用到形式主语it,而把真正的主语即主语从句放在后面.常用句型有:It +be+adj.(clear,funny,impossible,strange,surprising,true,unusual…)+主语从句。
It +be+名词词组(a pity,a shame,a fact,a wonder,good news,no wonder…)+主语从句。
It +be+过去分词(said,reported,believed,decided,expected,thought…)+主语从句。
例句:It was clear what she meant.
主语从句有时候需要用虚拟语气,通常是在“It is +necessary(important,suggested…)这类句子中。虚拟语气的体现是从句谓语用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如:It was suggested that we (should) leave as soon as possible.
(2) 表语从句:表语从句通常位于系动词be,seem,look,sound,appear等之后。如:It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
that 連接表语从句,不在从句中做成分,不可以省略;如:The trouble is that I lost his address.
表示是否或者疑问的含义,用whether连接表语从句,不能用if;whether也只起连接作用,不在从句中做成分;如:My doubt is whether he is a good engineer.
疑问副词和疑问代词连接表语从句,连接词不但起连接作用,还在从句中做成分。如:That is why he didnt come.
除了上面所述四组连接词,表语从句还有另外三个连接词,即because,as 和as if /though.As。意思是“像…一样”,例如:He looks as he looked two years ago;
as if /though.意思是“好像,仿佛”,例如:It appears as if it is going to rain.
Because,因为,例如:It is because he hasnt finished his homework.
有些表语从句也需要用虚拟语气。这些从句通常是跟在表示建议,劝告,命令等含义的名词后,虚拟语气的体现是从句谓语用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如:My suggestion is that we (should )start early tomorrow.
(3) 宾语从句:宾语从句可以做及物动词,介词和某些形容词的宾语。
例句:He said what was discussed in the meeting mustnt be spread.
That 连接宾语从句,不在从句中做成分,可以省略。如:I know (that)he is a student.
If 和whether 表示疑问的意思,都可以连接宾语从句。但whether是和or not 连用的。
He asked whether he could leave or not.
疑问副词和疑问代词连接宾语从句,连接词不但起连接作用,还在从句中做成分。如:He wil be punished for what he did.
在有些动词后的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气。这些动词有:suggest,advice,insist(要求),request,order 等,表示建议、命令、要求等含义。虚拟语气的体现是从句谓语用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如:He suggested that everybody(should) keep silent at the meeting.
主句是一般过去时态时,宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。如:He said that students had to study hard to find a good job later.
(4) 同位語从句:同位语从句是跟在一个抽象名词后面,对其内容进行说明的一种从句。同位语从句的连接词只有that.如:News came that he got the first prize.
同位语从句和定语从句的区别,就在于定语从句的先行词一定在从句中做成分,而同位语从句前面的抽象名词不在从句中做成分。
例句:(1)He gave me an excuse that he made up.(定语从句,excuse 在从句中做宾语)
(2) He gave me an excuse that he was ill.(同位语从句,excuse在从句中没有位置)
在表示建议、命令、要求等名词后面的同位语从句,也需要用虚拟语气。
例句:He told me his suggestion that I (should) learn a foreign language.