徒步考察中国长城的外国学者

2016-11-30 13:49红树阿友
文化交流 2016年10期
关键词:林赛长城垃圾

红树?阿友

为实现少时梦想,他成了第一个徒步走完中国明长城的外国人。因为爱长城,他用笔追踪长城的悠久历史,出版过五种专著;他用镜头展示长城的沧桑面貌,举办过多次图片展。30年专攻,他计划将长城课程开进大学。他叫威廉·林赛,是60岁的英国老头,更是颇具影响力的长城学者和世界文化遗产保护的倡导者。

去跑中国长城的全程

2015年12月,林赛的第五种长城专著《虚拟长城展:50件长城文物》由企鹅澳大利亚出版集团出版。稍后,在北京举行的新书首发式上,英国驻华大使吴百纳女士对该书高度评价:“林赛先生的这本新书给予了中英两国人民通过世界文化遗产——万里长城感受文化交流成果的一个良机。”

一个英国老外何以对中国长城这般着迷研究?

1956年10月,林赛出生于英国利物浦市一个普通家庭。1967年,林赛就读的班上来了一位新老师,老师对同学们说:你们床边应该放三本书,其中最重要的一本是地图册。就在地图册上,林赛看到了横亘于中国北部的万里长城,让他产生了莫大的兴趣,充满了游历的向往。因为这种向往,林赛高中毕业后选择攻读利物浦大学的地理和地质专业。毕业后,林赛曾去埃及、挪威工作,但没有机会到中国。1984年,林赛和二哥参加了横穿英格兰北部的哈德良长城越野跑。二哥说:如果有一天能去跑中国长城的全程那才是真正的长跑——哈德良长城只有区区百多公里,而中国长城有数千公里。

二哥的感叹加上少时的梦想,点燃起林赛来中国跑长城的愿望。于是,林赛去图书馆查找资料,作进一步了解准备,同时开始了体能训练,每天坚持跑步或远足。1986年夏,林赛找到了赞助商,辞去工作,背上简单的行囊来到中国。

林赛前两次从山海关往嘉峪关徒步长城,由于天气炎热、路上缺水,再加上痢疾缠身、脚趾骨裂等原因,没行进多远就被迫终止。1987年4月,林赛再一次徒步长城。他从嘉峪关出发,因为沿途的种种误会耽搁了不少时日,但终于到达山海关,完成了夙愿。

在这次徒步长城的中断期间,林赛在北京认识了西安女孩吴琪,两人成了恋人。1988年,林赛携吴琪回英国。一个青年徒步跑完万里长城,又抱得美人归,在英国引起极大轰动,BBC电视台采访了林赛和吴琪,一时间他俩成了家喻户晓的人物。1989年,林赛出版了他的第一种有关长城的著作《独步长城》。这书在英国、德国和美国非常畅销。

除了脚印,什么都不要留下

带着对长城的特殊情感,1994年4月,林赛和吴琪又来到中国生活、工作。那时,一到周末他大都要和一个美国朋友去北京周边爬长城,而每次回来都会为在长城上见到垃圾而苦恼,说:真不明白人们为什么会往长城上丢垃圾而不带走,长城是有感情的,它身上脏了是会哭的。吴琪说:你光说有什么用,看不惯就去捡呀!一语惊醒,林赛和那个美国朋友再去爬长城时,真的开始动手捡拾垃圾了。隔了一段时间,吴琪又给林赛出主意,让他动员更多的人去长城上捡垃圾,从而造成影响,让游人注意环保、爱护风景。林赛和吴琪住在北京的友谊宾馆,那是一个外国人聚集的地方,林赛将倡议贴在宾馆院里的宣传栏上,没想到响应者日众,很快就有36个国家120多人报名参加。林赛为这次活动拉来了赞助:北京的长城饭店提供车辆、垃圾袋、手套、午餐等。

1998年4月,林赛和吴琪第一次组织国际友人登上长城捡垃圾。那次公益活动搞得声势浩大,环保使者分乘两辆大巴、一辆中巴去往金山岭长城。林赛给这个垃圾捡拾团取名为“迷你共和国”,要求每个参与者都要举着自己国家的旗帜,使这场清洁长城活动产生广泛而深远的影响。此后,虽然林赛时不时会组织“迷你共和国”去长城捡垃圾,但为了倡导更多人参与进来,2001年,这名“长城上的洋清道夫”到香港注册成立了一个民间保护长城组织——“国际长城之友”。同年,林赛还建立了长城环保站,做了许多块写有“除了照片,什么都不要带走;除了脚印,什么都不要留下”的宣传牌竖立在长城上。与此同时,林赛还雇了6个农民常年在箭扣长城上捡垃圾,费用由林赛从挪威海德鲁公司和澳大利亚必和必拓公司拉来的赞助中解决。虽然雇了专人在长城上捡拾垃圾,但问题并未一劳永逸,林赛发现游客越多垃圾越多、自己要做的事也就越多。

新旧图片凸显长城变迁

爱长城就要挖掘其文化、赋予其生命。2003年初,林赛准备实施举办长城新旧照片对比展的创意,这个想法早在1987年他徒步走完中国长城后就有了。当时BBC采访林赛和吴琪的专题播出后,一个英国老太太找到林赛,送他一本1908年一个也叫威廉的美国人走完中国长城后写的书。在那本书中,老威廉详细描述了他所见的长城,并配有多幅照片,清晰地记录了当年的景象。在这些旧影中,有一幅是老威廉坐在罗文峪长城的特写,背景有烽火楼,而在林赛的记忆中,烽火楼已经不见。敏锐的林赛发现,类似的现象还有很多很多,他要举办长城新旧图片对比展,目的是告诉人们,长城在岁月的风烟中、在人类的损毁中,珍贵的遗存消失得有多快,亟须保护。

从2003年起,林赛一直在努力收集老照片。期间,林赛又一次徒步长城,一个一个寻找老照片中的镜头,然后重新拍摄,不仅为长城研究提供了大量资料,而且还发现了历史上未被记载的西夏长城。2005年2月,林赛在英国驻华使馆举办了一个小型展览,限于一晚、先期展出15处对比照片。观展的人层次很高,震撼了国家文物局和北京市文物局领导。之后,林赛与文物部门合作,在“壳牌”的资金支持下,于2007年1月在首都博物馆举行了第一次展览“万里长城百年回望展”,共设立120块展板,其中84块为一幅历史旧图片和一幅林赛拍摄的新图片对比。

这些新旧图片的对比非常鲜明、深刻。比如,在1930年的旧照中,古北口长城上曾有一大一小的姊妹敌楼,如今却不在;据林赛介绍,他去拍摄时,找到了一个叫吕文财的老大爷,老大爷作为证人,讲述了日军侵略中国时是怎样扔炸弹炸坏了姊妹楼,解放后修铁路时,又是怎样把残存的姊妹楼拆除的。展出在社会上引起了强烈反响,人们保护长城意识得到了很大提高。

2007年7月,同样的展出在榆林和嘉峪关分别举办了一次,展出中,林赛将几经辗转找到的老威廉的日记和遗物融合进去。2008年和2012年,这一展出又在北京和山海关举办。至此,林赛完成了在长城这条巨龙的龙头、龙心和龙尾各举办一次万里长城新旧图片展的夙愿。

期待大学开设长城课

林赛和吴琪在收集长城老照片时,对相关文物也进行研究。林赛认为,长城历史固然雄浑厚重,但解构其在不同时期、不同地域的特点,探索文化内涵更为紧迫。为此,从2012年9月到2014年9月,林赛陆续在专业媒体上发表长城文物文化图片50幅,接着依据图片举办了“50件长城文物虚拟展”,他表示:“作为一座建筑来说,万里长城是百分之百的中国制造,但长城的故事则是长城两侧的故事,而且逐渐成为世界性的故事。这个‘长城文物虚拟展的文物就是来自长城两旁,来自世界各地。”

展出之后,企鹅澳大利亚出版集团马上表示愿意出版成书。一家外国出版商为何看重长城文化?

原来,林赛摄制的这些图片从沧桑风烟中来,有石雷、瓷雷、手铳、弩机、狼烟、戚氏军刀、关城门锁、修筑工牌,有蒙古马鬃旗矛状旗头和青铜马蹬、契丹贵族银质丧葬面具、匈奴人面青铜革带装饰物等等。透过这些器物,人们真切地感受到,没有入侵就不会有长城以及杀伐征战。林赛的图片中还包括英国探险家奥雷尔·斯坦因手绘于1907年的汉长城图和首版于1570年的德国地理学家亚伯拉罕·奥特里斯的《寰宇全图》——其中可以看到中国长城。

林赛在收集长城图片中,也因为自己的发现而出过成果。2008年夏天,林赛和吴琪在嘉峪关长城博物馆看到一支木觚,经反复研究,认为这支在玉门花海烽燧中发现、写有212个汉字的木觚是一份简牍,大致产生于汉武帝末期。当林赛把研究结果告诉馆长后,馆长表示了感谢:这个解释丰富了讲解内容。

林赛和吴琪差不多已成半个长城专家,他俩与许多长城学者进行过交流和探讨,并得到高度认可。在完成了《虚拟长城展:50件长城文物》的出版后,林赛和吴琪正在全力做另一件大事:鉴于研究长城的现状,林赛已经和一所大学达成意向合作,开设长城学课程。届时,林赛要把世界著名的长城专家、学者请来,给学子们讲述长城的故事。

如今,林赛不再每周爬长城,但他的朋友、两个儿子、儿子的同学已加入保护长城的队伍。接下来,林赛计划以自由研究者的身份,做些让外国人通过认识长城了解当下中国的事。“现在许多外国人不明白,为什么中国发展如此迅速,甚至快要超过美国了。如果他们能了解长城,就可以明白在漫长的历史中,中国长期都是最大的国家。”林赛如是说。

(本文图片由受访者与安娜提供)

William Lindesays

Great Wall

By Hong Shu, Ah You

William Lindesay loves the Great Wall of China so much that he is the first foreigner who covered the whole length of the Great Wall constructed in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), that he has published five books on the Great Wall, and he has held many photo exhibitions to show the Great Wall in his eyes. He is 60 years old now. He is a leading scholar of world renown on the Great Wall and a leading promoter of the ancient structure which is a world cultural heritage site.

He was born into an ordinary family in Liverpool, UK. He first learned about the Great Wall of China in 1967 because of a teacher. The new teacher asked his students to have three bedside books and the most important should be an atlas. He had his own three bedside books. It was the atlas that gave him the first glimpse of the Great Wall stretching across the north of China. The glimpse also gave him a dream of seeing the mankinds most ambitious building project. He majored in geography at Liverpool University. After graduation he worked in Egypt and Norway. In 1984, he and his brother ran a super marathon along Hadrians Wall in UK. His brother commented that the wall was about 100 kilometers but the Great Wall of China was several thousand kilometers in length. That would be greater fun to run alone from one end to another of the Great Wall. William listened.

He got down seriously to the business of running along the Great Wall. He checked out books about the Great Wall to prepare for his super marathon in China. He also prepared physically by jogging or walking. In the summer of 1986, he arrived in China.

The first two efforts failed. Both journeys started from Jiayuguan Fortress in the northwest. It was too hot. He didnt have adequate water intake. He suffered from hemorrhages and bone fracture in his toes. He had to scratch the plan. In April 1987, he tried again. This time he successfully ran about 1,500 miles and arrived safely at Shanhaiguan Fortress.

And it was during his stay in China that he met Wu Qi, a native of Xian, the capital city of northwestern Chinas Shanxi Province. In 1988 Lindesay and Wu came back to UK. The couple became sensational headliners after BBC broadcast an interview with them. In 1989 Lindesay published his first book on the Great Wall, titled “Alone on the Great Wall”.

In April 1994, Lindesay and Wu came back to China to live and work. During that time, he and an American friend trekked along the Great Wall in the suburbs of Beijing on weekends. And he was upset at the sight of rubbish along the great building. He complained about the mess to his wife Wu. Wu replied, “What is the point of complaining? If you dont like what you see there, you can clean up the Great Wall yourself.” He listened. The next weekend Lindesay and his American friend picked up rubbish on the Great Wall. The cleaning project started. In 1998, Wu Qi made another important suggestion: why not organize a team to do the cleanup work? Back then they were staying at Friendship Hotel where a lot of foreigners working in Beijing stayed. Lindesay posted a notice on the public bulletin board at the hotel. More than 120 environmentalists from 36 countries signed up. Great Wall Hotel in Beijing endorsed the project and provided free vehicles, rubbish bags, gloves and lunch.

In April 1998, Lindesay and Wu Qi and his team cleaned up two sections of the Great Wall in Beijing. In 2001, Lindesay registered Friends of the Great Wall in Hong Kong so as to better protect the Great Wall. Signs featuring “Take Nothing but Pictures and leave nothing but footprints” were installed on the Great Wall and six locals were employed to clean up Jiankou Section of the Great Wall regularly, financed by two foreign companies.

Over years, Lindesay and Wu Qi have done quite a lot to enhance the public awareness of the Great Wall. With the financial support of many international businesses, the couple has held photo exhibitions to feature the ancient architectural wonder. As a result, the Chinese government has intensified efforts to protect the Great Wall.

Nowadays, Lindesay and Wu Qi are almost scholars on the Great Wall. They have collected a lot of old photos taken over the past 100 years and they have taken many photos on their trips along different sections of the Great Wall over years. After publishing The Great Wall in 50 Objects in 2015, Lindesay plans to give a series of lectures in a university.

Nowadays, Lindesay no longer goes regularly to the Great Wall on weekends. He gives more time to his research projects. His two sons and his sons friends have joined the team to continue the cleanup enterprise. Lindesay thinks the Great Wall may help people in the world know better about China, an oriental country growing at unexpectedly fast rate.

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