龙彼德:探询金庸小说奇迹

2016-11-30 03:05孙侃
文化交流 2016年10期
关键词:海宁金庸小说

孙侃

北京大学教授严家炎说,金庸小说可以作为20世纪中华文化的一个奇迹。

20多年来,文艺评论家龙彼德凭着对金庸小说的极度喜爱和对当代文学研究的巨大热情,对金庸小说进行了系统而深入的研究。他认为,金庸小说展现了中华民族的人文精神,显示了中国传统文化的魅力。

怕读,因为诱惑力太大

龙彼德关注金庸小说由来已久。20世纪80年代末90年代初,中国大陆掀起一股“金庸热”,盛况可用“洛阳纸贵”四个字来形容。其时,龙彼德在浙江省文联文艺研究室担任主任,对中国当代文学这一奇景自然不会放过,理所当然地将其列入研究范围。

龙彼德回忆:“我最早接触的金庸小说是《连城诀》,它的开篇写道‘那是在湘西沅陵南郊的麻溪铺乡下,三间小小瓦屋之前,晒谷场上,一对青年男女手持木剑,正在比试……我就想,湘西沅陵不是我的家乡吗?金庸何时去过?他怎会选择这个地点?其人物原型是谁?进而又想到他的这些作品价值何在?由亲切感而引发的好奇心,在细细读了作品之后,又转变为对他小说整体的关注和喜爱。”

当时想要获全金庸小说还是有些难度的,但龙彼德通过各种途径予以集齐,不同的版本也悉数收拢。随着研读的深入,随着被金庸小说那曲折的情节、跌宕的人物命运、深刻的人性所打动,他竟痴迷到了“一卷在手,一切不顾,日夜颠倒,百事俱废”的地步,这对从事文学创作和研究已数十年的他是绝无仅有的。“有一段时间,为了不影响工作和写作,为了维持正常的生活秩序,我还产生了怕读金庸小说的心理,这说明这些作品的诱惑力太大。”站在一个普通读者的角度,从作品欣赏入手,从小说整体着眼,这是龙彼德金庸研究的鲜明特色。

把金庸小说中的部分篇章当成美文来读,撰写艺术赏析,成为龙彼德研究金庸小说的最初路径和主要方式。龙彼德认为,无论叙事艺术或是想象方式,无论形象塑造或是细节描写,无论语言特色或是审美境界,相当一部分金庸小说当得起“美文”之誉,其对散文与诗的借鉴异乎寻常的成功。金庸本人也说过:“写小说是追求美。”正因如此,龙彼德愿意以撰写作品赏析的方式,撷取金庸小说之精华,介绍给广大读者,以激发联想,参与互动。显然,长期从事理论研究的他,竟“放下身段”去撰写相对浅近的赏析类小文,正是他极度痴迷金庸小说的由衷表现。

折服,小说中的民族特征

由于金庸小说的影响力巨大,对于他的小说研究已经成为一门“显学”。然而,龙彼德始终抱着自己的研究目的,有着自己的研究方法。他从作品欣赏的角度切入,结合自身的阅读感受,开展文本分析和评述,这样的方法显然更接“地气”、更见本质。

“发掘和分析金庸小说中的民族特征,是我研究的一个重点。可以说,金庸小说的可贵之处,就在于对本土文学传统的继承与光大。”龙彼德认为,金庸小说的魅力之一,是艺术地展现中国优秀传统文化,表现民族精神。无论琴棋书画还是饮食起居,尤其是对重情重义、爱好和平、忍辱负重、追求自由等言行描摹,都是在有所选择、有所提炼的基础上作集中展示,连作品的文体都借鉴了中国古典章回小说的结构。

龙彼德认为,金庸小说创作的一大成果,是正确地处理了传统与现代、民族与人类、超现实与现实这三大关系。“像《天龙八部》中的和平主义思想、悲天悯人的博大情怀,在别人的武侠乃至纯文学作品中是很少见的。《书剑恩仇录》与《鹿鼎记》都嘲笑了‘反清复明者的狭隘和愚蠢,特别是《鹿鼎记》还提出了各民族乃至各国和睦相处的思想,显示了作者不一般的境界。而在《侠客行》《射雕英雄传》等作品中,多处发出‘我是谁这一探询,探及人的本质,提出人类根本性的哲学命题。当然,金庸在小说中所描绘的铁血飞溅的江湖、神奇无比的武功、离奇巧合的人物、重新组装的历史……都有着强烈的超现实性,这也是金庸小说不可替代的艺术特色。”

在金庸小说研究领域,有人认定金庸堪称中国20世纪最重要作家,有人则视金庸小说为“俗物”,使文学沦为粗糙浅薄的通俗故事。治学严谨的龙彼德认为,过高或过低地评价金庸小说都是不恰当的,但无视金庸小说中的民族品格、艺术价值和批判精神,绝对是不公允的。“金庸小说打破了‘雅与‘俗的界限,弥补了‘五四以来的新文学缺乏想象力的缺陷,雄辩地证明了传统文化与新文化同为我国当代文学发展的基础,从这一点来分析,说他的创作提高了中国文学的整体水平,毫不为过。”

感受,德善和侠义之气

2008年秋,金庸应邀回故乡浙江海宁参加金庸小说国际学术研讨会。龙彼德将自己历年来发表的金庸小说研究论文的题目写在纸上,利用开幕式前的空隙,拿给金庸看,并向金庸叙述了自己的研究历程。金庸说:“龙先生,我知道你的水平,你的研究很有成效,谢谢你!”

就在这共同与会的几天里,龙彼德不仅感受到金庸儒雅、谦逊、宽厚的风采,也由人及文,细细体悟金庸何以缔造出“文学奇迹”的原委。在海宁盐官观潮楼,金庸沉醉于江潮奔涌的壮景,有这番沉醉,才会写出《书剑恩仇录》中有关海宁大潮的壮美文字:“……蓦然间寒意迫人,白线越移越近,声若雷震,大潮有如玉城雪岭,际天而来,声势雄伟已极。潮水越近,声音越响,正似百万大军冲锋,于金鼓齐鸣中一往无前。”坐在金庸身边的龙彼德,对金庸小说本质的理解,自然又深邃了几分。

在海宁宏达学校,金庸为学校题词:“宏道宏文,达德达善。”为上海同济大学浙江学院题词:“同施同济,猛进如潮。”尽管均应景而写,字句中仍洋溢着德善和侠义之气度。龙彼德说,晚年的金庸仍在一次又一次地修改作品,自称为“修订工程”,并认为这是从鲁迅那儿学习来的。“自己的文章,我主张改,多改一次总好过一次。主张不改的小说家我从来没有听说过。”有人曾对金庸的这一说法持不同意见,认为反复修改可能会损害已有的优点,具体作品的具体修改也多有争议,但亲耳听着金庸如此真心表达,知道金庸力主修订的用意,龙彼德极为感佩,认为金庸小说之所以深入人心、影响巨大,是与他精益求精、严谨负责的创作态度分不开的。endprint

这几年来,龙彼德多次寻访金庸旧踪,并两次来到海宁袁花镇第一小学做讲座,指导阅读方法,传播金庸小说中优秀的中国传统文化。“观照海宁乃至江浙一带的历史人文发展,且把它融入金庸小说研究之中,这又大大拓展了我的理论视阈。”龙彼德坦承这对他的金庸小说研究助力不小。

研究,没有止境

2015年8月,龙彼德专著《二十世纪的奇迹:金庸小说》出版,里面收录10篇研究文章,其中有两篇依据金庸第三次修改版小说而撰写的评论——《金庸小说中的情爱描写》《金庸小说之美文赏析》,可见他的研究脉络极为清晰。

多年来,龙彼德先后参加了在杭州、北京、嘉兴、海宁、舟山桃花岛等地召开的金庸小说研讨会,每次都能提交一篇高质量的论文。这与他认真做学问的态度、深入扎实的研究方法是分不开的。例如为了写《辩证与诗意——论金庸小说的武功艺术》,他揣摩一招一式,比比划划到深夜,惊动了家人,误以为他走火入魔。为了把握金庸小说的总体精神,他去舟山桃花岛三次,对桃花寨、桃花峪、桃花港、神雕英雄城等景点十分迷恋。有次开会,他不知所踪。当人们找到他时,他正盯着一块桃花石纹路出神,满脑子都是《射雕英雄传》的故事。

龙彼德的金庸小说研究在学界反响很大。中国社会科学院研究员张炯说:“龙彼德的研究抓住金庸小说的侠义之思,从生命意识、民族特征、悲剧精神、喜剧特色、想象方式、叙事艺术等九个方面阐述了‘奇迹的产生与延展,对于传播金庸小说和传统文化很有价值,也对‘武侠小说这一文类提出了自己的思考与见解。”厦门大学教授杨春时评价道:“金庸作品之海内外研究者众多,其中以龙彼德先生最为勤奋,评论文章既多且好,深得金学三昧。”而海宁金庸文化研究会会长王敬三认为:“近二十年来,他出手不凡,发表了一系列很有分量的金庸小说评论。纵谈横议,新鲜纷呈;条分缕析,深入浅出;文字如行云流水,给人以美的享受。”

如今,龙彼德对文学的热爱、对文学研究的执着一如既往。龙彼德说:“金庸小说……将中国传统的儒、释、道精神提炼为各种理念,并进一步意象化,上升到诗意人生与理想境界,进入精神的最高层次。以金庸小说为典型范例,剖析中国类型文学的发展成因和未来趋向,是一件饶有趣味又充满价值的事情。哪怕金庸小说没有以前那样‘热了,可这项研究是无止境的。”

(本文照片由龙彼德提供)

Critic Explores the Depth of Louis Chas Kungfu Novels

By Sun Kan

Over the past 20 plus years, literary critic Long Bide has studied Louis Chas Kungfu novels systematically. He considers them as literary masterpieces that embrace the essence of Chinese culture.

Louis Chas penname is Jin Yong and not so many people in China know his real name. His kungfu novels, which were mostly written in the 1950 and the 1960s and published in Hong Kong, became blockbusters on the mainland in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The novels touched off a reading craze for years. Back then, Long worked for the Zhejiang Federation of Literary and Art Circles as director of art and literature studies. He was fascinated by the phenomenal novels and read them enthusiastically.

was the first Jin Yong novel he read. The story opens with a scene set in Yuanlin in Chinas central Hunan Province. Yuanlin is Longs birthplace and this brought him very close to the novel. He became curious, began wondering when Jin Yong visited Yuanlin, how he picked the place to start a legendary story, who the prototypes were and then he wondered what was in the novel for him, a literary critic. He got hooked. After going through the novel, he found he liked it and began to examine the author and the novel from a critics perspective.

Back then, it was not so easy to buy the Kungfu novelists blockbusters on the mainland. Long managed to get a full complete set through various channels. He read them all. Sometimes, he just forgot to eat and sleep. He had never encountered novels that would totally get him over the past decades as a critic. For a while, he even dreaded reading Jin Yong for they derailed his work schedule.endprint

From the very beginning, he designed an essential rule for his exploration of the novels by Jin Yong: appreciate the works from a perspective of a common reader and try to obtain a comprehensive evaluation.

Long considers some parts of the novels as essays, believing they are worth exploring aesthetically and literarily in terms of narration, imagination, characterization, description, language and aesthetics. In a few papers, he presents the analysis of the beauty of these essayistic parts. These papers showcase his obsession with Jin Yongs novels.

“Exploring the Chinese characteristics of Jin Yongs kungfu novels is my focus,” remarks Long. Jin emphasizes the Chinese tradition and cultural essence in his novels. The novelist writes about Confucius behavioral code in everyday life and characteristics such as love, brotherhood, kindness, pacifism, sacrifice, fortitude, pursuit of freedom. The choices he makes and the sublimation he achieves in the novels are all based on these characteristics. And the novels are styled in the tradition of Chinese novels, which presents each chapter with a couplet giving the gist of its content.

In Long Bides evaluation, one feature stands out in Jin Yongs novels. The writer correctly handles the relations between tradition and modernity, ethnicity and humanity, reality and fiction. The pacifism and compassion in are rarely seen in other literary works—kungfu novels or otherwise. Both and lampoon the stupidity of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. In and , the author asks the quintessential philosophical question: Who am I? The martial arts, the characters, the kungfu world, and the restructured history are all fiction.

His ten papers are published in August 2015 in a new collection titled “The 20th-Century Miracle: Jin Yongs Novels”. This collection includes two of his new papers based on the two third-edition novels revised by Jin Yong.

Long Bide has established himself as a scholar of Jin Yong. He has attended key symposiums on Jin Yong and his novels in Hangzhou, Beijing, Hangzhou, Haining, and Peach Island of Zhoushan. He has kept a record of presenting a high-quality paper at every symposium. And his research is widely recognized for its academic broadness and depth by scholars at home and abroad.

Even Jin Yong has recognized Long Bides studies. In the autumn of 2008, Jin Yong attended an international symposium on his kungfu novels in his hometown Haining in Zhejiang. Long met with Jin, presenting a list of his research papers on Jins novels and how he had conducted his studies over decades. Jin expressed his appreciation of Longs study and said he knew the achievements Long had accomplished in his studies.endprint

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