赵玉磊,张晓荣,周来来,田 婷, 徐春兴
儿童带状疱疹临床特征分析
赵玉磊,张晓荣,周来来,田 婷, 徐春兴
目的探讨儿童带状疱疹的临床特征,为本病的临床诊治提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2015年12月在皮肤科就诊的80例带状疱疹患儿的临床资料。 结果80例带状疱疹患儿年龄6个月~14岁,多数患儿无免疫功能抑制证据,11例患儿既往有哮喘病史。多发于高温季节。受累部位依次是胸背部(38例)、腰腹部(25例)、四肢(11例)和头面部(6例)。患儿对症支持治疗反应良好,平均病程(10.77±1.99)d,无严重并发症。结论儿童带状疱疹多为良性病程,无进行性不适症状。
带状疱疹;儿童;临床特征;回顾性分析
赵玉磊
带状疱疹是由潜伏于脊髓后根神经节或脑神经感觉神经节内的水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV)再次激活,在神经节内复制,并沿外周神经纤维逆行至相应的皮区,使受累的神经和皮肤产生剧烈的炎症,临床上以单侧周围神经分布的簇集性水疱和神经痛为特征。本病可发生于30%的健康人和50%免疫功能低下的人群,其中1/3患者年龄<50岁,10%患者年龄<20岁,<15岁的患儿约占5%[1,2]。儿童群体中带状疱疹的发病率为110/10万[3],临床上并非少见。报道我院诊治的80例儿童带状疱疹的临床特征,为该病的临床防治提供参考依据。
1.1研究对象
所收集的80例患儿均来自2012年1月—2015年12月皮肤性病门诊,符合带状疱疹临床诊断[3]。排除病例资料不完善者。
1.2方法
对患儿的以下各项进行整理分析:患儿既往水痘疫苗接种史、患儿本人及家庭成员水痘发病史;患者有无并发免疫缺陷疾病及免疫抑制剂使用史;此次带状疱疹现病史、临床症状、皮损表现、治疗方法、皮损消退情况及随访90 d内有无疱疹后遗神经痛。
1.3资料统计
使用SPSS17.0软件建立数据库进行统计学分析。计量资料以均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示。
2.1一般资料
80例带状疱疹患儿中男49例,女31例,男女比例为1.58:1;平均年龄(9.35±2.32)岁(6个月~14.0岁),其中6个月龄和9个月龄的患儿各1例;既往史中34例患儿曾接种过水痘疫苗,17例曾患过水痘,11例既往有哮喘病史。2例婴儿带状疱疹患儿中6个月龄患儿母亲孕35周时曾患水痘;9个月龄患儿母亲孕期无水痘病史,但患儿7个月龄时曾有与水痘患者接触史。发病季节分布:3~5月发病15例(18.75%); 6~8月发病29例(36.25%);9~11月发病22例(27.5%);12月~次年2月发病14例(17.5%)。诱发因素中,19例患儿可询及近2周内有睡眠不安、厌学等表现,2例患儿因并发系统性疾病,2周内有系统使用糖皮质激素、化疗药等治疗史。
2.2临床表现
2.2.1系统症状11例患儿发病前有低热、乏力、畏食等不适。所有患儿病程中无并发脑炎、肺炎、肝炎、Ramsay-Hunt综合征及内脏受累。
2.2.2皮损特征 所有患儿均有典型的带状分布的红斑,上有簇集性粟粒至黄豆大小的水疱,皮损沿受累神经支配的皮区分布,未超过身体中线(图1),未见血疱、溃疡等皮损,无播散性皮损。皮损分布部位:胸背部38例,腰腹部25例,四肢11例,头面部6例。1例患儿继发细菌感染,伴有局部淋巴结增大和压痛。
2.2.3自觉症状3岁以上患儿中有12例患儿诉受累部位在起皮损前、后略微瘙痒,5例患者有疼痛不适,可耐受,不影响日常活动。
2.3治疗及转归
给予蒲地蓝消炎口服液、外用阿昔洛韦软膏治疗,2例婴幼儿均给予蒲地蓝消炎口服液治疗,10 d左右皮损渐干燥结痂。对于伴有基础性疾病或皮损有扩大趋势的患儿给予阿昔洛韦20 mg/(kg·d),红斑渐消退,水疱渐干燥、结痂脱落,平均病程(10.77±1.99) d。随访90 d,所有患儿均无带状疱疹后遗神经痛,皮损处无瘢痕形成,无Wolf同形反应,1例患儿皮损局部遗留色素减退或色素沉着。
图1 带状疱疹患儿右侧颈肩皮损
与水痘疫苗接种前时代相比,近年来儿童带状疱疹的发病率呈上升趋势[5,6]。人是VZV的惟一宿主,带状疱疹皮损处含有高浓度的VZV,可经皮损直接接触或形成气溶胶而传播,患者从皮损出现至结痂均具有传染性[7]。尽管与接触水痘患者后患水痘的机会相比,由接触带状疱疹患者后患水痘的机会只有0.1%[8],但由于水痘疫苗的接种使水痘患者显著减少,使得带状疱疹成为水痘的主要传染源[9]。因此,降低人群中带状疱疹发病率对于减少VZV传播至关重要。
VZV经呼吸道黏膜进入血液形成病毒血症,发生水痘或呈隐性感染,后VZV长期潜伏于后根神经节细胞中。带状疱疹是VZV感染的再激活表现,其再次激活的确切机制尚不十分明确,通常认为伴随高龄患者的免疫老化(immunosenescence),以及源于免疫抑制性疾病或免疫抑制治疗的细胞免疫功能缺陷在带状疱疹发病机制中起重要作用[9]。带状疱疹发病的易感因素包括高龄、疲劳、应激、恶性肿瘤等。在笔者的研究中,19例(23.75 %)患儿存在睡眠不安、厌学等负性生活事件,提示儿童精神卫生与机体细胞免疫间的相关性值得进一步研究。Kim等[10]研究发现,277例带状疱疹患儿中有66例(22.7%)既往有哮喘病史,而性别、年龄相匹配的277名对照者中仅35例(12.6%)既往有哮喘病史,提示哮喘是发生儿童带状疱疹的重要危险因素。在本研究中同样观察到11例(13.75 %)患儿既往有哮喘病史。已知哮喘是Th2反应优势型疾病,患儿常伴有Th1细胞免疫反应性降低,这也许可部分解释哮喘与带状疱疹发病的相关性。
本文观察到儿童带状疱疹在夏秋季发病显著高于冬春季节。已有研究表明,气象条件在水痘、带状疱疹流行病学中发挥重要作用[11],水痘高发于寒冷季节[12,13],而带状疱疹高发于高温季节[14]。新近Yang等[15]报道显示,环境温度每升高1℃门诊水痘就诊人数减少1.33%(95%可信区间0.93%~1.74%),而带状疱疹就诊人数则增加2.18%(95%可信区间1.90%~2.46%),提示高温、高热条件下机体抗VZV天然免疫及适应性免疫降低,或通过紫外线刺激,诱发VZV再激活。
婴幼儿带状疱疹近年来文献中时有报道[16],多与VZV宫内感染胎儿或者出生后最初数月内感染VZV所致。目前所报道的的婴儿带状疱疹中69%的患儿母亲有孕期水痘病史[17]。患儿尽管有母体抗体保护,但婴儿免疫系统尚未发育成熟,对VZV感染的免疫应答能力差。孕早期患水痘可发生先天性水痘综合征,孕中晚期患水痘,其胎儿发生无症状性先天VZV感染,在出生后第1年内发生婴儿带状疱疹。Enders等[18]曾随访了孕36周前感染水痘的1 373例孕妇,共有婴幼儿带状疱疹10例(8例为婴儿带状疱疹),孕中期、孕晚期感染水痘孕妇所生胎儿患婴幼儿带状疱疹的风险分别为1/477(0.8%)和6/345(1.7%)。本研究中观察到的2例婴儿带状疱疹中,6个月龄患儿母亲孕35周时曾患水痘;9个月龄患儿母亲孕期无水痘病史,但患儿7个月龄时曾有与水痘患者接触史,提示当时有VZV隐性感染。
带状疱疹后遗神经痛是带状疱疹最常见的并发症,常在皮损消退后持续持续>90 d,其发生率和严重程度随患者年龄增大而增加。约20%的60岁以上的老年带状疱疹患者及30%的80岁以上的老年带状疱疹患者并发带状疱疹后遗神经痛[19]。带状疱疹后遗神经痛目前尚无有效疗法,其中2%左右的患者神经痛可持续数年[20],对患者生活质量影响很大。目前认为带状疱疹后遗神经痛源于外周神经的炎症损伤[21]。本文80例带状疱疹患儿无1例发生带状疱疹后遗神经痛。因此,深入研究老年人和儿童带状疱疹性神经炎症的发病机制上的差异,有助于临床实践中有效防治带状疱疹后遗神经痛。
[1] Kawai K, Gebremeskel BG, Acosta CJ. Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective [J]. BMJ Open, 2014, 4(6):e004833.
[2] Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction [J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 2007, 82(11):1341-1349.
[3] Leung AK, Barankin B. Herpes zoster in Childhood [J]. Open J Pediat, 2015, 5(01):39.
[4] 赵辨. 中国临床皮肤病学 [M]. 南京: 江苏科学技术出版社, 2010:394-397.
[5] Goldman GS. Varicella susceptibility and incidence of herpes zoster among children and adolescents in a community under active surveillance [J]. Vaccine, 2003, 21(27):4238-4242.
[6] Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination [J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2009, 28(11):954-959.
[7] Lopez AS, Burnett-Hartman A, Nambiar R, et al. Transmission of a newly characterized strain of varicella-zoster virus from a patient with herpes zoster in a long-term-care facility, West Virginia, 2004 [J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197(5):646-653.
[8] Brisson M, Edmunds WJ, Gay NJ, et al. Modelling the impact of immunization on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus [J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2000, 125(3):651-669.
[9] Guzzetta G, Poletti P, Del Fava E, et al. Hope-Simpson's progressive immunity hypothesis as a possible explanation for herpes zoster incidence data [J]. Am J Epidemiol, 2013, 177(10):1134-1142.
[10] Kim BS, Mehra S, Yawn B, et al. Increased risk of herpes zoster in children with asthma: a population-based case-control study[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(3):816-821.
[11] Chan JY, Lin HL, Tian LW. Meteorological factors and El Nino Southern Oscillation are associated with paediatric varicella infections in Hong Kong, 2004-2010 [J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2014, 142(7):1384-1392.
[12] Critselis E, Nastos PT, Theodoridou K, et al. Time trends in pediatric hospitalizations for varicella infection are associated with climatic changes: a 22-year retrospective study in a tertiary Greek referral center [J]. PloS one, 2012, 7(12):e52016.
[13] Wu P, Li YC, Wu HDI. Risk factors for chickenpox incidence in Taiwan from a large-scale computerized database [J]. Int J Dermatol, 2007, 46(4):362-366.
[14] Toyama N, Shiraki K. Epidemiology of herpes zoster and its relationship to varicella in Japan: A 10-year survey of 48,388 herpes zoster cases in Miyazaki prefecture [J]. J Med Virol, 2009, 81(12):2053-2058.
[15] Yang Y, Chen R, Xu J, et al. The effects of ambient temperature on
outpatient visits for varicella and herpes zoster in Shanghai, China: A
time-series study [J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2015, 73(4):660-665.
[16] 石国光. 婴儿带状疱疹1例 [J]. 实用皮肤病学杂志, 2009, 2(3):178.
[17] Kurlan JG, Connelly BL, Lucky AW. Herpes zoster in the first year of life following postnatal exposure to varicella-zoster virus: four case reports and a review of infantile herpes zoster [J]. Arch Dermatol, 2004, 140(10):1268-1272.
[18] Enders G, Bolley I, Miller E, et al. Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases [J]. Lancet, 1994, 343(8912):1548-1551.
[19] Watson P. Postherpetic neuralgia [J]. Am Fam Physician, 2011, 84(6):690-692.
[20] Lukas K, Edte A, Bertrand I. The impact of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia on quality of life: patient-reported outcomes in six European countries [J]. Z Gesundh Wiss, 2012, 20(4):441-451.
[21] Johnson RW, Rice AS. Clinical practice. Postherpetic neuralgia [J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 371(16):1526-1533.
(本文编辑耿建丽)
Clinical characteristics of herpes zoster in children
ZHAO Yu-lei,ZHANG Xiao-rong,ZHOU Lai-lai,et al
Department of Dermatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
Objective To determine the clinical characteristics of herpes zoster in children, so as to better understand the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 80 cases confirmed with herpes zoster who were referred to the dermatology outpatient clinic during January 2012 to December 2015. Results Eighty patients, aged between 0.5 and 14 years were assessed. Majority of the patients showed no evidence of immunosuppression in history and examination, 11 children had asthma history, and the disease occurred frequently in warm months. Thirty-eight patients had thoracic involvement, followed by lumbar (n=25), extremities(n=11) and cranial(n=6) involvements. The patients respond well to symptomatic treatment. The clinical course lasted 10.77±1.99 days averagely. No complications were reported. Conclusion Herpes zoster in children is generally mild and not associated with progressive pain or discomfort.
Herpes zoster;Children;Characteristics,clinical;Analysis retrospective [J Pract Dermatol, 2016, 6(5):310-312]
R752.12
A
1674-1293(2016)05-0310-03
10.11786/sypfbxzz.1674-1293.20160507
213003常州,苏州大学附属第三医院皮肤科(赵玉磊,周来来,田婷,徐春兴);南京医科大学附属南京医院皮肤科(张晓荣)
赵玉磊,博士,主治医师,研究方向:感染性疾病的免疫病理机制,E-mail:yuleizhao@hotmail.com
徐春兴,E-mail: xuchunxing01@sohu.com
(2016-04-29
2016-07-24)