张杰,王强,王增春,任自刚,熊巍,刘海泉,王俊杰,范婷婷
·循证医学·
膀胱内注射肉毒毒素对膀胱疼痛综合征疼痛程度影响的 Meta分析①
张杰1,王强2,3,王增春2,3,任自刚2,3,熊巍2,3,刘海泉2,3,王俊杰2,3,范婷婷2,3
目的系统评价膀胱内注射肉毒毒素对膀胱疼痛综合征疼痛程度的影响。方法检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Springer、Wiley、Science Direct、OVID数据库,搜集膀胱内注射肉毒毒素治疗膀胱疼痛综合征的随机对照试验。由两位研究者根据纳入与排除标准筛选试验,提取资料并进行质量评价后,取治疗前、后视觉模拟评分值,利用Rev-Man 5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果最终筛选出5篇符合条件的文献,共纳入218例患者,其中对照组91例,膀胱内注射肉毒毒素组127例。Meta分析结果显示膀胱内注射肉毒毒素组对疼痛的缓解程度优于对照组。结论膀胱内注射肉毒毒素能够缓解膀胱疼痛综合征的疼痛程度。
膀胱疼痛综合征;肉毒毒素;膀胱注射;随机对照试验;Meta分析
[本文著录格式]张杰,王强,王增春,等.膀胱内注射肉毒毒素对膀胱疼痛综合征疼痛程度影响的Meta分析[J].中国康复理论与实践,2016,22(10):1222-1226.
CITEDAS:Zhang J,Wang Q,Wang ZC,etal.Effectof intravesicalBotulinum toxin injection on pain of bladderpain syndrome:aMeta-analysis[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2016,22(10):1222-1226.
膀胱疼痛综合征(bladder pain syndrome,BPS)是一种原因不明、发生在膀胱区的持续性或周期性疼痛,它同时至少还伴有以下症状之一:膀胱充盈后疼痛加重、白天和/或夜间尿频。间质性膀胱炎(interstitial cystitis,IC)是其中一种代表性疾病。由于临床上经常将IC作为BPS的代名词[1],或认为IC是BPS中具有典型特征的一种类型[2],故而在很多文献中统称为BPS/ IC[3-5]。膀胱疼痛综合征国际协会于2005年将BPS/IC定义为“与膀胱充盈有关的耻骨弓上疼痛,伴随有其他症状(例如日间和夜间尿频),缺乏泌尿系感染或其他病理学依据”[6-7]。尿动力学和女性泌尿科学学会(Society of Urodynam ics,Female Pelvic Medicine& Urogenital Reconstruction,SUFU)将它定义成“一种被感知到的与膀胱有关的不愉快感(疼痛、压胀、不适),伴随有下尿道症状,时间超过6周,缺乏感染或其他明确原因”[8]。
BPS/IC可以导致睡眠障碍、性功能障碍、社交障碍及工作能力下降、抑郁、焦虑、灾难感、精神紧张,从而使患者的生活质量严重降低[9-14]。而且,它会加重患者的负担,导致这种疾病不能得到及时的诊断和有效的治疗[15],这种状态使BPS/IC患者更易患上其他疾病[16-17]。从某种意义上说,BPS/IC患者已经形成了一个新的残疾人群[14]。
1.1系统评价的技术路线
1.2纳入标准
①涉及膀胱内注射肉毒毒素治疗BPS/IC的随机对照试验;②患者符合间质性膀胱炎欧洲研究学会(European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis,ESSIC)标准[24]或美国国立糖尿病、消化和肾病研究所(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,NIDDK)标准[25];③文献语种是英语;④干预措施是全麻或局麻下经膀胱镜以黏膜下注射方式将肉毒毒素注射到膀胱壁膀胱内;⑤对照是膀胱内注射生理盐水。
1.3排除标准
①同一研究中除了膀胱内注射肉毒毒素,还有其他干预措施;②膀胱内注射肉毒毒素与其他干预措施联合应用;③重复文献。
1.4提取资料
对所纳入文献提取的资料为视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)。对疼痛程度评分方法不是VAS的转换成相应的VAS值。
1.5检索策略
检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Web of Science、 Embase、 Springer、 Wiley、 Science Direct、OVID,对建库至2015年5月的文献进行检索,采用计算机检索和人工检索需要纳入文献的参考文献,必要时向作者索取原始数据。检索关键词:Botulinum toxin、 botox、 dysport、 interstitial cystitis、 pelvic pain、painfulbladder、bladder pain syndrome。采用自由词和主题词法检索已发表的文献,文献类型限定为临床试验,语种限定为英语。
1.6文献筛选
由两位研究人员独立进行文献质量评价并按设计好的表格从文献中提取资料(包括患者特征、干预方法、结果),如果意见产生分歧,需要通过讨论并按照第3位研究人员的意见进行抉择。
1.7文献评估
将Jadad评分法[26]及隐蔽分组评价方法[27]结合应用对文献质量进行评价。评价标准见表1。
表1 文献质量评价标准
1.8统计学分析
分析采用Cochrane协作网提供的Revman 5.2版本软件进行数据分析与处理。显著性水平α=0.05。
2.1文献结果
筛选文献流程见图1。符合纳入标准的文献有9篇,其中2篇是重复报道,2篇文献(Zaitcev[28]和Lee[29])的质量较低,最终共筛选出5篇符合条件的文献。两组一般资料均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。见表2、表3。共纳入218例患者,其中对照组91例,膀胱内注射肉毒毒素组(实验组)127例。所有纳入研究的文献质量评分均在4B以上。见表4。
2.2Meta分析结果
根据5个研究治疗前后VAS变化值进行分析,I2<50%或P>0.10采用固定效应模型,反之则采用随机效应模型。结果显示,5项关于膀胱内注射肉毒毒素对VAS影响的研究具有同质性(I2=31%,P=0.20),合并效应量加权均数差(weightedmean difference,WMD)采用固定效应模型,WMD的合并效应量为-1.10,其99% CI为(-1.55,-0.65),合并效应量的检验Z=4.79,P<0.001(图2)。表明与对照组相比,膀胱内注射肉毒毒素可降低BPS/IC患者的疼痛程度。因为纳入研究较少,因此不做发表偏倚检测。
表2 患者一般资料
表3 纳入文献中两组VAS评分
图1 文献筛选流程图
表4 文献评分情况表
图2 实验组与对照组VAS评分比较的 Meta分析
目前BPS/IC的病因、发病机制仍无法确定,因此也很难确定一个标准化的BPS/IC诊断标准,因为任何一种诊断都无法涵盖所有BPS/IC。由于诊断困难,导致它的治疗效果不明显。
肉毒毒素是由肉毒梭菌产生的一种强效神经毒素,它的分子作用模式是与胆碱能神经末端上的糖蛋白结构结合(细胞外)以及阻断神经递质乙酰胆碱分泌(细胞内),从而抑制肌肉收缩[34]。目前被广泛应用于颈部肌张力障碍(控制疼痛)[35]、脑瘫(降低痉挛程度)[36]、三叉神经痛(减轻疼痛、焦虑、抑郁并改善睡眠质量)[37]、慢性偏头痛(缓解疼痛)[38]、复杂区域性疼痛综合征(缓解疼痛)[39],泌尿系统疾病如逼尿肌过度活动(降低尿失禁次数及增加最大膀胱容量)[40]、良性前列腺增生(改善下尿路症状)[41]以及慢性盆腔痛、盆底肌肉疼痛、BPS/IC(降低疼痛程度和改善症状)[42-44]。在治疗BPS/IC时,注射1次肉毒毒素的平均有效期可到达6个月,而且重复注射是安全的[21]。溃疡型BPS/ IC与非溃疡型BPS/IC对肉毒毒素的治疗反应相似,这也从侧面提示BPS/IC患者的疼痛并非直接与溃疡本身有关[45]。不过也有临床观察认为溃疡型BPS/IC与非溃疡型BPS/IC对肉毒毒素的治疗反应存在差异,这也进一步说明BPS/IC的复杂性[46]。
本次研究共纳入5篇高质量的随机对照文献,结果显示,实验组BPS/IC患者疼痛程度的改善优于对照组。但是,由于语种仅限为英文,存在发表偏倚,而且从患者诊断为BPS/IC至开始接受膀胱内注射肉毒毒素治疗的时间没有统一,这对最终的结果都会产生一定的影响。
总之,膀胱内注射肉毒毒素能够缓解膀胱疼痛综合征的疼痛程度,但今后需要纳入更多的高质量随机对照研究对此进行更精准的认证。
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Effectof Intravesical Botu linum Toxin Injection on Pain of Bladder Pain Syndrome:A Meta-analysis
ZHANG Jie1,WANG Qiɑng2,3,WANG Zeng-chun2,3,REN Zi-gɑng2,3,XIONGWei2,3,LIU Hɑi-quɑn2,3,WANG Jun-jie2,3,FAN Ting-ting2,3
1.Departmentof Anesthesiology and Operation Room,CapitalMedical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital,Beijing 100015,China;2.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,Beijing Bo'aiHospital,China Rehabilitation Research Center,Beijing 100068,China;3.CapitalMedicalUniversity Schoolof Rehabilitation Medicine,Beijing 100068,China
Correspondence to WANGQiɑng.E-mail:13801032889@163.com
Objective To systemically evaluate theeffectof intravesical Botulinum toxin on pain of patientspain syndrom. Methods The follow ing databases as Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Springer,Wiley,Science Direct,OVID were searched to collect the randomized controlled trials(RCTs)with the treatment of intravesical Botulinum toxin vs.0.9%sodium chloride for patientswith bladder pain syndrome.Two reviewers screened the trials according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias,extracted the data,assessed the quality,and the changes of Visual Analogue Scales(VAS)before and after treatmentwere used to conductMeta analysiswith RevMan5.2 software.Results Five studieswere included with a totalof 218 patients,therewere 127 cases in intravesical Botulinum toxin group and 91 cases in 0.9%sodium chloride group.Meta analysis showed that the pain relief effectof intravesical Botulinum toxinwasbetter than thatof 0.9%sodium chloride.Conclusion IntravesicalBotulinum toxin can relieve the pain of patientswith bladder pain syndrome.
bladder pain syndrome;Botulinum toxin;intravesical injection;random ized controlled trials;Meta analysis
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2016.10.024
R694
A
1006-9771(2016)10-1222-05
1.首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院麻醉科,北京市100015;2.中国康复研究中心北京博爱医院麻醉科,北京市100068;3.首都医科大学康复医学院,北京市100068。作者简介:张杰(1984-),男,山西忻州市人,医师,主要研究方向:临床麻醉与疼痛。通讯作者:王强(1968-),男,浙江杭州市人,医学博士,主任医师,主要研究方向:临床麻醉与疼痛。E-mail:13801032889@163.com。
世界范围内有众多人群受到BPS/IC的困扰[10,18-19],由于病因不清,诊断不及时,使得它的治疗缺乏足够的有效性,因此如何有效治疗BPS/IC是目前亟待解决的问题。多个临床观察显示膀胱内注射肉毒毒素治疗BPS/IC有效[1,20-23]。本文拟通过Meta分析确定膀胱内注射肉毒毒素治疗BPS/IC的效果。
(2016-01-11
2016-03-14)