徐 雷,李仕亮,杨 旭,邵国安,刘晓晴
·论著·
甲状腺微小结节和甲状腺微小癌的临床病理关系及影响因素研究
徐 雷,李仕亮,杨 旭,邵国安,刘晓晴
目的分析甲状腺微小结节患者的临床病理特征,提高对甲状腺微小结节的诊治水平,以期及时发现甲状腺微小癌。方法选取2011—2013年在新疆医科大学第五附属医院经超声检查发现的甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(TI-RADS)分级标准诊断为3级或4a级的甲状腺微小结节患者108例。对患者进行门诊和电话随访,随访至2015年9月,以随访结束时患者的病情作为统计分析的终点事件,进展为甲状腺微小癌或甲状腺微小良性结节。记录患者性别、年龄、首次超声发现时是否合并其他甲状腺疾病、结节数目、是否为多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级、是否规律服用抑制促甲状腺激素(TSH)药物情况,分析其与甲状腺微小癌的相关性。结果23例患者在随访过程中提示出现疾病进展,进行手术治疗,术后病理诊断为甲状腺微小癌。甲状腺微小良性结节和甲状腺微小癌患者性别、年龄、结节数目、是否为多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两者是否合并其他甲状腺疾病、是否规律服用抑制TSH药物比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、多发结节、多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级为4a级是甲状腺微小癌的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论男性、多发结节、多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级为4a级等特征与甲状腺微小癌密切相关,存在以上高危因素的甲状腺微小结节患者应考虑积极手术治疗。
甲状腺肿瘤;甲状腺结节;危险因素;TI-RADS分级
徐雷,李仕亮,杨旭,等.甲状腺微小结节和甲状腺微小癌的临床病理关系及影响因素研究[J].中国全科医学,2016,19(24):2880-2883.[www.chinagp.net] XU L,LI S L,YANG X,et al.Clinical pathological relationship between micro thyroid nodules and thyroid microcarcinoma and influencing factors for thyroid microcarcinoma[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(24):2880-2883.
近10~15年世界范围内的流行病学研究指出,<10 mm的甲状腺微小结节呈现发病率持续上升态势,其主要归因于现代高频超声仪器和其他检测水平的不断提高[1-2]。尽管多数甲状腺微小结节属于良性肿瘤,但仍有少数为无任何临床症状的甲状腺微小癌,极易造成漏诊或误诊。面对临床中数量众多的甲状腺微小结节患者,如何鉴别甲状腺微小癌并进行及时治疗,对改善患者的预后尤为重要。本研究对新疆医科大学第五附属医院2011—2013年经超声检查发现的108例甲状腺微小结节患者进行分析,以此探究甲状腺微小结节与甲状腺微小癌的临床病理关系及高危因素。
1.1研究对象选取2011—2013年在新疆医科大学第五附属医院经超声检查发现的甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(TI-RADS)分级标准诊断为3级或4a级的甲状腺微小结节患者108例。患者均由于经济条件、自身意愿、客观因素、地理条件因素等限制,在首次超声发现甲状腺微小结节后选择进行随访观察。排除家族性肿瘤患者,既往甲状腺手术史患者,既往颈部放射性治疗患者,超声检查后经细针穿刺抽吸活检(FNAB)诊断为甲状腺微小癌并要求手术治疗患者。
1.2方法对患者进行门诊和电话随访,首次复查为首诊后6个月,以后每年随访1次,随访至2015年9月,以随访结束时患者的病情作为统计分析的终点事件,进展为甲状腺微小癌或甲状腺微小良性结节。随访过程中对于血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)>2.0 mU/L的患者建议口服左旋甲状腺素片,使TSH水平控制在1.0~2.0 mU/L。记录患者性别、年龄、首次超声发现时是否合并其他甲状腺疾病、结节数目、是否为多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级、是否规律服用抑制TSH药物情况,分析其与甲状腺微小癌的相关性。
1.3疾病进展的评价(1)肿瘤大小:超声发现肿瘤增大>3 mm[3-4];(2)临床表现:出现声嘶、饮水呛咳、异物感或不适感、疼痛;(3)淋巴结情况:发生淋巴结转移,基于ANTONELLI等[5]研究,将满足3条及以上超声特征视为发生淋巴结转移:①直径≥1 cm;②清晰的低回声或不均匀回声区合并出现交替的低回声区和强回声区;③不规则囊性改变;④内部出现钙化;⑤圆形或鼓形的前后径增大;(4)由甲状腺微小结节导致死亡。满足其中1条即视为疾病出现进展,发展为
本研究背景:
目前针对甲状腺结节尤其是微小结节患者存在过度手术治疗的现况,国内对甲状腺微小结节患者的随访观察研究较少,开展更深层次的细胞学和生化指标仍处于探究阶段,如细针穿刺抽吸活检(FNAB)仍不能被多数中小城市患者接受,且费用昂贵,穿刺洗脱液的临界值在美国甲状腺学会(ATA)指南中至今未得到界定。如何在临床资料有限的情况下对门诊或体检患者做出随访还是手术的抉择是常见又首要的难题。
甲状腺微小癌。
1.4统计学方法采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行分析,计数资料的分析采用χ2检验;甲状腺微小癌的影响因素分析采用多因素Logistic回归分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1一般情况108例患者中男26例,女82例;<45岁22例,≥45岁86例;合并其他甲状腺疾病19例,未合并其他甲状腺疾病89例;结节数目<2个91例,≥2个17例;33例为多中心肿瘤,75例为单中心肿瘤;TI-RADS 3级87例,4a级21例;规律服用抑制TSH药物21例,未规律服用87例。23例患者在随访过程中出现疾病进展,进行手术治疗,术后病理诊断为甲状腺微小癌,为甲状腺恶性结节。
2.2甲状腺微小良性结节和甲状腺微小癌患者临床资料比较甲状腺微小良性结节和甲状腺微小癌患者性别、年龄、结节数目、是否为多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两者是否合并其他甲状腺疾病、是否规律服用抑制TSH药物比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,见表1)。
2.3多因素Logistic回归分析以性别(赋值:女=1,男=2)、年龄(赋值:≥45岁=1,<45岁=2)、结节数目(赋值:≥2个=1,<2个=2)、多中心肿瘤(赋值:是=1,否=2)、TI-RADS分级(赋值:4a级=1,3级=2)为自变量,以是否发生甲状腺微小癌(赋值:是=0,否=1)为因变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,性别、结节数目、多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级是甲状腺微小癌的影响因素(P<0.05,见表2)。
表1 甲状腺微小良性结节和甲状腺微小癌患者临床资料比较〔n(%)〕
注:TI-RADS=甲状腺影像报告和数据系统,TSH=促甲状腺激素
表2甲状腺微小癌影响因素的多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 2Multivariate Logistic regression analysis on influencing factors for thyroid microcarcinoma
影响因素βSEWaldχ2值OR(95%CI)P值常数项-5.5552.5634.697-0.030性别-1.3550.6344.5660.258(0.074,0.894)0.033年龄-1.1880.7082.8190.305(0.076,1.220)0.093结节数目2.2030.8147.3309.050(1.837,44.588)0.007多中心肿瘤1.6350.7175.2075.131(1.260,20.904)0.022TI-RADS分级2.9990.78214.70320.070(4.333,92.968)<0.001
注:-为无此数值
根据美国国家癌症协会监测、流行病学调查和终末结果数据库报道的一项关于1973—2006年甲状腺微小癌发病率的回顾性调查显示,其发病率呈现逐年增高趋势[6]。尽管甲状腺微小癌进展缓慢,但仍具有一定的侵袭性和较差的预后[7-9]。
数量众多的直径较大的甲状腺癌均是由较小的肿瘤发展而来。多项研究发现,年龄、肿瘤边缘不明确[10]、性别、是否合并桥本甲状腺炎[11-13]、囊外侵袭、发生喉返神经麻痹引起声音嘶哑、甲状腺球蛋白水平[14]是甲状腺癌预后的影响因素。且多中心肿瘤与侧方淋巴结转移有显著的相关性[15]。如果能发现鉴别甲状腺微小结节良恶性的相关危险因素,将会对以下临床问题起到现实指导作用:(1)明确微小结节中恶性结节的高危因素;(2)了解TI-RADS分级为3级及4a级的微小结节行FNAB明确结节良恶性的必要性;(3)明确甲状腺微小结节随访的安全性及合适的随访时间。所以,本研究对甲状腺微小结节患者进行随访观察,了解甲状腺微小癌的高危因素。
本研究结果显示,男性、<45岁、多发结节、多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级为4a级是甲状腺微小癌的高危因素,进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析结果证实,男性、多发结节、多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级为4a级是甲状腺微小癌的危险因素,与现有研究结论基本一致[16-22]。SUGITANI等[16]认为女性虽易患甲状腺结节,但良性居多,男性患者出现恶性结节的可能性更大,可能是由于雌激素可以起到一定的保护作用。此外,老年患者更适合随访治疗[16],本研究单因素结果与这一观点相吻合,但本研究多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,低龄并非是甲状腺微小癌的危险因素,可能与样本量较小有关,尚需进一步研究证明。SUGITANI等[9]和CHOW等[17]指出,具有多中心肿瘤的甲状腺结节患者易出现侧方淋巴结转移,会带来较差的预后。推荐该类患者行FNAB或尽早手术切除。对于多发结节和TI-RADS分级为4a级的甲状腺微小结节患者不建议作为长期随访的对象[22-23]。所以在临床工作中应给予此部分患者适当的重视,即使患者随访观察的愿望强烈也要鼓励其进一步检查或治疗,在有细胞学或组织学证据支持为可能良性的情况下允许患者选择随访观察。
本研究结果还提示,常见的合并疾病桥本甲状腺炎并非是甲状腺微小癌的危险因素,该观点目前仍存在较大的争议[24],另外激素抑制治疗在本研究中并未对患者的预后起到积极作用,故在随访过程中可不必行常规的激素抑制治疗[25-27]。
尽管不同研究中有关甲状腺微小癌危险因素的预测价值略有差异,总体来说,男性、多发结节、多中心肿瘤、TI-RADS分级为4a级的甲状腺微小结节患者相对更容易出现疾病进展,对于判断甲状腺微小结节患者的随访安全性及合适的随访时间具有重要价值。相对而言,没有以上特征的TI-RADS分级3级患者更适合选作随访观察的对象。
但考虑到本研究的总体病例数及男性病例数仍属较少范围,随访时间有限,对于某些指标的评判可能存在一定程度的放大或缩小,有待进行更大规模、更长时间的随访观察研究进一步证实以上结论。临床上也不能仅以某一特征对患者的治疗方式做出简单的判定,应结合多方面的因素综合考量,提高良恶性结节诊断的准确性,避免误诊、漏诊和过度治疗的发生。对于没有潜在生命威胁的患者进行非手术的更长时期随访观察应该得到推广。更好地使用超声、FNAB和细胞学诊断等经济、可行的手段评估哪些微小结节不存在生物侵袭性,避免过度的手术治疗和医疗资源浪费。
作者贡献:徐雷进行资料整理、撰写论文、成文并对文章负责;李仕亮、邵国安进行试验设计与实施、资料收集;刘晓晴进行统计指导、评估分析结果;杨旭进行质量控制及审校。
本文无利益冲突。
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(本文编辑:贾萌萌)
Clinical Pathological Relationship Between Micro Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Microcarcinoma and Influencing Factors for Thyroid Microcarcinoma
XULei,LIShi-liang,YANGXu,SHAOGuo-an,LIUXiao-qing.
GraduateSchool,XinjiangMedicalUniversity,Urumqi830011,China
YANGXu,DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,theFifthAffiliatedHospitalofXinjiangMedicalUniversity,Urumqi830011,China;E-mail:273568834@qq.com
ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical pathological characteristics of micro thyroid nodules in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment,and to timely detect thyroid microcarcinoma(TMC).MethodsA retrospective analysis of 108 patients with thyroid nodules who underwent ultrasound examination from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 2011 to 2013 and were diagnosed as grade 3 or 4a according to TI-RADS grading standards.After clinic and phone call follow-up till September 2015,disease conditions of patients at the end of follow-up were taken as the outcome events statistical analysis,developing to TMC or benign micro thyroid nodule.The following details were recorded:gender,age,if combined with other thyroid diseases when discovered firstly through ultrasound,numbers of nodule,if it was multicenter tumor,TI-RADS grading and if taking TSH regularly,analyzing its relevance to TMC.ResultsThere were disease progression for 23 cases during follow-up and they were diagnosed as TMC after surgery.Differences regarding gender,age,number of nodule,if it was multicenter tumor and TI-RADS grading between TMC and benign thyroid micro nodule were statistical significance(P<0.05);differences regarding if combined with other thyroid diseases and if taking TSH regularly between them were not statistical significance(P>0.05).Multivariste Logistic regression analysis showed that male,multiple nodules,multicenter tumor and 4a grade according to TI-RADS grading were risk factors for TMC.ConclusionMale,multiple nodules,multicenter tumor and 4a grade according to TI-RADS grading are closely related to TMC.High risk factors patients with micro thyroid nodules should be treated with active operation.
Thyroid neoplasms;Thyroid nodule;Risk factors;TI-RADS grading
830011 新疆乌鲁木齐市,新疆医科大学研究生学院(徐雷);新疆医科大学第五附属医院普外科(李仕亮,杨旭,邵国安);宁夏医科大学第一附属医院(刘晓晴)
杨旭,830011 新疆乌鲁木齐市,新疆医科大学第五附属医院普外科;E-mail:273568834@qq.com
R 736.1
ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.24.002
2015-12-15;
2016-05-26)