曾春珉韦龙贵黄亮冯雪松简成.中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司;. 中海油能源发展股份有限公司工程技术湛江分公司
超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术在海上油田的应用
曾春珉1韦龙贵1黄亮1冯雪松2简成2
1.中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司;2. 中海油能源发展股份有限公司工程技术湛江分公司
现有多级射孔技术管柱结构复杂、传爆效率和可靠性较低、成本较高、难以实现负压射孔等问题限制了其在海上油田的推广应用,为此,对常规单级开孔装置进行改进,研制出了多级开孔装置,与旁通接头、液压延时点火头、RTTS封隔器等工具配合,形成了超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术。多级开孔装置可通过内置滑套实现各级点火头引爆后再制造负压,具备一趟管柱负压射开所有层段的功能,满足多射孔层段、大层间距(可超过500 m)的射孔要求,并且工艺原理简单、安全可靠。该技术在南海西部涠洲A油田6口井进行了成功应用,与常规负压射孔作业相比,作业时效提高了51.3%,成本降低了17.68%。
超长距离;长夹层段;多层段;负压射孔;海上油田
涠洲A油田多口井存在射孔层段多、射孔段长、层间跨度大等特点,其中A2井射孔段毛厚575 m,层间跨度最高达534 m,而南海西部油田尚无射孔段500 m以上一次射孔作业经验。常规负压射孔技术采用单级引爆方式,夹层段使用空枪和导爆索连接,断爆机率高,无法满足海上作业要求[1-10];而常规多级起爆射孔技术采用投棒—压力增压、压力—压力、压力—投棒复合起爆、分级投棒等起爆方式,可实现大跨距多层射孔,但管柱结构复杂,传爆效率和可靠性较低,难以实现负压射孔,且成本较高,无法满足海上油田开发要求[11-20]。针对常规多级起爆射孔技术存在的不足,研发了超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术,该技术与现有技术相比,在施工安全和质量得到保证的前提下能够节省大量作业时间和成本,满足了海上油气田开发要求。
1.1管柱结构
Structure of the string
管柱结构见图1。
图1 超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔管柱Fig.1 Negative-pressure perforation string with multiple igniters over super-long span
主要工具有:
(1)多级开孔装置。多级开孔装置结构见图2。
工作原理:环空加压后压力经旁通接头、传压管进入多级开孔装置,再通过装置的传压孔进入RTTS封隔器以下环空,通过筛管接头传至各射孔层段射孔枪压力延时点火头,点火并延时,继续加压,多级开孔装置内部滑套剪切销钉,上行至预定位置后锁定,此时多级开孔装置传压孔关闭,生产通道打开,封隔器以下环空与管柱内部连通,形成负压,射孔后地层流体可以通过管柱到达地面。多级开孔装置必须配合封隔器、延时起爆装置使用,同时采用环空加压点火方式完成射孔作业。
图2 多级开孔装置Fig.2 Multi-stage perforation device
(2)旁通接头。旁通接头与传压管配合使用,其主要作用是将封隔器以上环空的压力(即井口施加的点火压力)传递至多级开孔装置,通过多级开孔装置的传压孔传递至封隔器以下环空,从而引爆延时点火头。传压管的作用是传递压力,同时将传压通道和生产通道分隔开。
图3 旁通接头Fig.3 By-pass joint
(3)液压延时点火头。液压延时点火头可以在点火头引爆后延时引爆射孔枪,为环空继续加压打开生产通道提供条件。延时点火头通过延时火药的燃烧达到延时的目的,延时时间可以根据作业要求进行设定。
(4)RTTS机械封隔器。RTTS机械封隔器是一种机械操作可回收式封隔器,射孔作业过程中用以封隔环空,保证井控安全。
1.2工作原理
Working principles
利用油管取代夹层枪,将枪串分成几组独立的枪串,每组枪串都安装液压延时点火头,射孔管柱下入过程中管柱内与环空不连通,管柱内灌入液垫并留空一部分管柱制造射孔负压。射孔管柱到位后,校深,坐封RTTS封隔器。环空加压,压力通过传压接头、传压管进入多级开孔装置,再通过多级开孔装置的传压孔进入RTTS封隔器以下环空,通过筛管接头传至各个压力延时点火头,点火并延时,继续加压,多级开孔装置内部滑套上行至预定位置后锁定,此时传压孔关闭,生产孔打开,封隔器以下环空与管柱内部连通,形成负压,射孔后,地层流体可以通过管柱到达地面。
1.3技术特点
Technical features
(1)可以在夹层距离超过500 m、有多个射孔层段的油气井内安全高效地实施射孔作业,而且不受井斜等因素影响。
(2)可以适应各种地质要求、解决各种井况下多层负压同时起爆的问题,有效地消除了射孔及压井造成的油层污染,提高了求产速度。
(3)无需增压装置或投棒释放装置,管柱结构简单;夹层采用油管连接,消除了使用夹层枪导致的射孔工程事故隐患,施工工艺安全可靠。
(4)与目前多级起爆射孔技术相比,节约了增压装置或投棒释放装置的连接时间和工具费用,降低了作业时间和成本。
由于南海西部油田首次采用该技术,为确保海上射孔作业实施的可靠性,在陆地试验井中对多级开孔装置进行了可靠性试验。
2.1模拟试验管柱
Simulation test
为得到真实的试验结果,模拟试验管柱结构尽可能与真实射孔管柱结构接近,模拟试验管柱自下至上分别为:空枪+压力延时点火头+筛管接头+多级开孔装置+油管+变扣接头+RTTS封隔器+旁通接头+钻杆。
2.2试验过程和结果
Procedures and results
(1)对试验井井筒进行试压(压力18 MPa),确保井筒密封。
(2)按顺序组合并下入模拟试验管柱,管柱下至500 m时钻杆内灌满水,继续下管柱至2 000 m,留空1 500 m钻杆不灌水。
(3)坐封RTTS封隔器,关闭井口防喷器,井口环空加压至16.6 MPa,稳压2 min后释放井口压力,打开防喷器。
(4)上提解封RTTS封隔器,重新关闭井口防喷器,反循环,观察井口钻杆内是否有液体排出,从而判断多级开孔装置生产通道是否打开。如图4所示,钻杆内有液体流出,表明多级开孔装置生产通道已正常打开。
图4 反循环井口有井液排出Fig.4 Discharged fluids at wellhead during reverse circulation
(5)打开井口防喷器,起钻。起钻过程中观察多级开孔装置的生产通道是否打开及传压孔是否关闭,如图5所示,多级开孔装置的生产通道已经打开,传压孔已经关闭。
图5 多级开孔装置出井状态Fig.5 Conditions of recovered multi-stage perforation device
(6)起出多级开孔装置后,使用手压泵从旁通接头传压孔处打压,加压至10 MPa,稳压1 min,从而判断多级开孔装置传压孔是否关闭并密封良好。如图6所示,多级开孔装置传压孔密封良好,没有液体渗出。
图6 手压泵打压验证多级开孔装置传压孔是否关闭Fig.6 Verification of proper closure of pressure-transmission port in the multi-stage perforation device through pressurization by using manual pump
(7)将多级开孔装置拆开,销钉剪切已经剪断,操作正常。
通过试验,表明该装置具有较高的可靠性能,能够满足海上作业要求。
3.1作业步骤
Operational procedures
(1)连接射孔管柱,管柱下入过程中管柱内灌入液垫至设计高度。
(2)将射孔管柱下入到位,校深,根据校深结果调整射孔枪深度,坐封机械封隔器。
(3)关闭环形防喷器,环空加压至点火压力后,稳压,引爆各级点火头,延时开始,继续加压,传压孔关闭,生产通道打开,形成负压。
(4)环空泄压,等待射孔枪射孔。
(5)射孔后放喷,压井,解封RTTS封隔器,起射孔管柱。
3.2应用效果
Application performances
超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术在南海西部涠洲A油田6口井进行了现场应用,共完成射孔井段22层,夹层总厚1 809.5 m,射孔总跨度2515.11 m,射孔枪发射率100%。其中A1S1、A2井射孔段厚度为512.41 m、575.7 m,A2井最大射孔夹层段厚度超过534.7m。与采用常规负压射孔技术作业相比,作业时效提高了51.30%,成本降低了17.68%,节约工期20 d,节约作业成本共计4 515万元。见表1。
表1 涠洲A油田6口井射孔数据Table 1 Perforation data for 6 wells in Weizhou-A Oilfield
超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术在作业安全、作业时效、作业成本、储层保护方面具有较大优势,是一项“增产降本”的实用技术。随着南海西部油田越来越多的低渗透、低品位和边际油田的投入开发,为了满足产量要求,井越打越深,射孔段层位越来越多,射孔跨距越来越长,超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术的有效应用和推广为该类油气田的高效开发提供了技术保障,建议在海上油气田进一步推广应用。
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(修改稿收到日期 2016-02-18)
〔编辑 景 暖〕
Application of negative-pressure perforation technique with multiple igniters over super-long span in offshore oilfields
ZENG Chunmin1, WEI Longgui1, HUANG Liang1, FENG Xuesong2, JIAN Chen2
1. Zhanjiang Branch of CNOOC Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China;2. Zhanjiang Branch of CNOOC Energy Tech-Drilling & Production Co., Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China
Pipe strings for existing multi-stage perforation techniques are characterized by complicated structures, low detonation efficiencies, poor reliability, high operation costs and difficulties in their application in negative-pressure perforation. Consequently,applicability of such pipe-strings in offshore oilfields is limited. In this regard, conventional single-stage perforation devices were modified to develop multi-stage perforation devices. Combined with bypassing joints, hydraulic delayed igniter, RTTS packer and other tools, the negative-pressure perforation technique with multiple igniters over super-long span was developed. Through the integral slid sleeve, the multi-stage perforation device can generate negative pressures after detonation of multiple igniters. In this way, all target intervals can be perforated in one single trip under negative pressure to satisfy demands related to perforation in multiple intervals with significant interval distances (above 500 m). The newly developed device is characterized by simplified structures, safety, reliability. The device has been successfully deployed in 6 wells in Weizhou A Oilfield in western part of South China Sea. These operating time increased by 51.3% and costs decreased by 17.68%.
super-long span; long interbedded interval; multiple intervals; negative-pressure perforation; offshore oilfields
ZENG Chunmin, WEI Longgui, HUANG Liang, FENG Xuesong, JIAN Cheng. Application of negative-pressure perforation technique with multiple igniters over super-long span in offshore oilfields[J]. Oil Drilling & Production Technology,2016, 38(2): 181-185.
TE257+.1文献标识码:B
1000 -7393( 2016 ) 02 -0181-05
10.13639/j.odpt.2016.02.010
曾春珉(1984-),2009年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)油气井工程专业,获硕士学位,现从事海上完井技术研究工作。通讯地址:(524057)广东省湛江市坡头区南油一区油公司大楼二楼。电话:0759-3912694。E-mail:zengchm1@cnooc.com.cn
引用格式:曾春珉,韦龙贵,黄亮,冯雪松,简成.超长跨距多点起爆负压射孔技术在海上油田的应用[J].石油钻采工艺,2016,38(2):181-185.