杨枭雄 宋科冉 唐家广
脊髓损伤后自发性溢乳一例
杨枭雄 宋科冉 唐家广
【关键词】脊髓损伤;乳溢;自发性;病例报告
脊髓损伤常导致损伤平面以下感觉运动功能障碍,由于下行网状脊髓自发通路的完全或不全损害,常导致不同表现形式的自主神经反射性异常(autonomic dysreflexia,AD)。AD于1947年由 Guttmann 和 Whitteridge[1]提出,其通常表现为损伤平面或平面以下非正常的交感神经性反应[2],如异常排汗、体温调节或心脏的自主神经调控障碍。但是伴自发新乳溢者较为罕见。我院收治1例陈旧性完全性胸脊髓损伤女性患者,损伤后出现双侧乳房自发性乳溢,现将病例报道如下。
临床资料
患者,女,29岁,因“T5暴力骨折术后双下肢感觉运动功能障碍9个月”于2015年3月入我院进行康复。患者于2014年7月8日不慎从6米高处坠落,于外院诊断为T5椎体爆裂骨折伴截瘫,2014年7月17日全麻下行胸椎后路椎管减压骨折复位内固定术,术后于当地康复医院行康复治疗,2015年3月就诊于我院。专科查体:轮椅入科,感觉/运动平面T5,平面以下各关键肌肌力均为0级,双下肢肌张力II 级,双膝腱反射、跟腱反射(++),髌阵挛及踝阵挛(++),双侧 Babinski 征、Chaddock 征均为(+),双侧 Oppenheim 征、Gordon 征未引出,肛周感觉、肛门深压觉(-),肛门括约肌未见自主收缩。既往体健,月经及婚育史:13(3~5/28~31)天,G1P1。辅助检查见图1,诊断为胸脊髓完全损伤,ASIA(American spinal injury association)A级,T5水平。
图1 患者术后 MRI a~c:分别表示胸椎 T2像、T1像以及轴位像,箭头所指表示损伤脊髓节段Fig.1 Postoperative MRI of the patient a-c:T2-weighted,T1-weighted,and transverse section respectively.The arrow:the injured segment of the spinal cord
患者自伤后6个月出现双侧乳房自发性乳溢(图2a),乳溢时伴随损伤平面以下病理性神经痛,即就诊于西安交通大学第一附属医院,性激素检查全套提示:垂体乳溢素100.70ng/ml(2014-12-25);乳腺B超检查提示:左乳腺导管局限性扩张;期间口服溴隐亭治疗1个月,复查性激素全套示:垂体泌乳素:1.63ng/ml(2015-01-21),停止口服溴隐亭,之后双侧自发性乳溢反复无规律发作,伴双侧病理性神经痛,于我院复测垂体泌乳素水平,呈逐渐升高趋势(图2b),甲状腺功能检测正常,复查垂体MRI未见异常,患者自伤后月经规律,经量正常。该患者AD表现有损伤平面以上出汗增多,平面以下出汗减少。
图2 a:患者乳溢症状;b:患者血泌乳素变化情况,红色箭头表示患者服用溴隐亭时间,绿色箭头表示停止服药时间Fig.2 a: Galactorrhea symptom; b: Variation of the blood prolactin level. Red arrow indicated the beginning time of the bromocriptine orally, and the blue one indicated the off time of the drug
乳溢是指产后6个月未哺乳女性乳房持续排出乳汁或乳汁样分泌物[3],而AD是对肢体远端有害刺激的异常的交感神经反应,是脊髓损伤患者可能出现的一种临床紧急状况,特征性表现为动脉血压快速升高和心动过缓,且该种反应可随着刺激水平变化发生可逆性变化[4-5]。目前对于AD的评价表现在血压、心脏、排汗、呼吸、泌尿以及性功能方面,未涉及女性哺乳,而国内外对于该种自主神经反射性异常的报道也较少见。早在1989年,Berezin等[6]就报道了女性脊髓损伤患者的溢乳现象,Yarkony等[7]也于1992年报道了脊髓损伤乳溢,并将其称为脊髓损伤的并发症之一。乳房组织接受感觉及自主神经支配,乳腺的自主神经传出纤维起源于上胸段(T1~5)交感神经节前神经元,初级感觉神经纤维起自于第 3~6 肋间神经,此外,乳腺组织还受激素水平的调控,例如血管活性肠肽、促甲状腺激素释放激素、雌激素等均为催乳素释放因子,乳腺产生乳汁,在乳汁生成 II 期,激素的调控转化为自分泌,是一种正反馈调节[8]。腺垂体反射性释放催乳素的基本原理是由乳腺的感觉冲动通过脊髓传导至中枢神经系统,而且动物实验证明脊髓内不仅存在一条通路来传导腺垂体释放催乳素的感觉冲动[9]。脊髓损伤导致脊髓内瘢痕及空洞的形成,破坏正常的脊髓信号传导通路,且常常导致异常反射或感觉形成。Liu等[10]2013年报道1例脊髓半切综合征的女性患者单侧乳汁分泌减少,但是患者双侧乳房血液中催乳素水平是一致的,说明脊髓损伤后乳汁的异常产生主要是受交感神经支配的,本例患者脊髓为完全性损伤,但是血中泌乳素水平与乳溢现象表现一致,因而该例患者乳溢可能主要与激素调节相关。因此,对于脊髓损伤后乳汁的分泌及排出的调节可能与脊髓损伤自主神经功能障碍相关。
目前,脊髓损伤后自主神经功能评价是根据2009年的ISAFSCI(international standards of autonomic functions after SCI)[11],未对女性的泌乳及生理周期进行评价,尤其是婚育年龄的年轻女性,对于哺乳、月经等生理性变化的评价就尤为重要。虽然该人群在脊髓损伤总数中仅占少部分,但是要全面认识脊髓损伤AD就需要分析不同类型的异常自主神经功能,或者对激素水平进行必要性监测。
综上所述,对于乳汁的分泌及释放,可将其纳入自主神经功能评价标准之中,进一步完善对脊髓损伤后自主神经变化的监测。
参 考 文 献
[1]Guttmann L,Whitteridge D. Effects of bladder distension on autonomic mechanisms after spinal cord injuries.Brain,1947,70(Pt 4):361-404.
[2]Helkowski WM, Ditunno JF Jr,Boninger M. Autonomic dysrefexia:incidence in persons with neurologically complete and incomplete tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med,2003,26(3):244-247.
[3]Frantz AG,Wilson JD. Endocrine disorders of the breast//Wilson JD,Foster DW,eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia:Saunders. 1985: 402.
[4]Karlsson AK. Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury:clinical presentation of symptoms and signs. Prog Brain Res,2006,152:1-8.
[5]Gao SA,Ambring A,Lambert G,et al. Autonomic control of the heart and renal vascular bed during autonomic dysrefexia in high spinal cord injury. Clin Auton Res,2002,12(6):457-464.
[6]Berezin M,Ohry A,Shemesh Y.Hyperprolactinemia,galactorrhea and amenorrhea in women with a spinal cord injury. Gynecol Endocrinol,1989,3(2):159-163.
[7]Yarkony GM, Novick AK,Roth EJ,et al. Galactorrhea:a complication of spinal cord injury. Arch Chys Med Rehabil,1992, 73(9):878-880.
[8]Lauwers J,Shinskie D. The science of lactation//Lauwers J,Shinskie D eds. Counseling the nursing mother:a lactation consultant's guide,3rd edn. Sudbury:Jones and Bartlett.2000:87-106.
[9]Grosvenor CE. Effect of prolactin upon milk secretion in the spinal cord-sectioned rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1966, 121(2):366-369.
[10] Liu N,Krassioukov AV. Postpartum hypogalactia in a woman with Brown-Séquard-plus syndrome:a case report. Spinal Cord, 2013,51(10):794-796.
[11] Alexander MS,Biering-Sorensen F,Bodner D,et al. International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord,2009,47(1):36-43.
(本文编辑:王萌)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.06.016中图分类号:R683.2
作者单位:100048 北京,解放军总院第一附属医院骨科、北京市骨科植入医疗器械工程技术研究中心
通信作者:唐家广,Email: tangjiaguang2013@163.com
收稿日期:(2015-12-09)
Spontaneous galactorrhea after spinal cord injury: 1 case report
YANG Xiao-xiong, SONG Ke-ran, TANG Jia-guang.
Department of Orthopedics, the frst Affliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PRC
Corresponding author: TANG Jia-guang, Email: tangjiaguang2013@163.com
【Abstract】Objective To report a complete spinal cord injury female patient with spontaneous galactorrhea. Methods The relationship between the spontaneous galactorrhea and spinal cord injury was discussed by the analysis of galactorrhea, blood prolactin and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)of the pituitary gland. Results Spontaneous galactorrhea occurred 6 months after the injury, and the prolactin level was 100.70 ng/ml immediately. It turned to 1.63 ng/ml with oral bromocriptine 1 month later, while it raised gradually without oral bromocriptine. Galactorrhea appeared repeatedly without rules. Conclusions Abnormal autonomic nervous reflex after the spinal cord injury manifests as abnormal sympathetic nerve reactions below the neurological level, but galactorrhea is not mentioned in the current assessment criteria. Breast tissues are regulated by autonomic innervation and hormone. As an important part of lactation refex pathway, signal transduction pathway damage always leads to abnormal sensation or refection,affecting the milk secretion to a certain extent.
【Key words】Spinal cord injury; Galactorrhea; Spontaneous; Case reports