我国苜蓿害虫种类及研究现状

张 奔，周敏强，王 娟，蒲 毅，张 丽，袁明龙

(草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室，兰州大学草地农业科技学院，甘肃 兰州 730020)



我国苜蓿害虫种类及研究现状

张 奔，周敏强，王 娟，蒲 毅，张 丽，袁明龙

(草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室，兰州大学草地农业科技学院，甘肃 兰州 730020)

摘要：苜蓿是我国栽培最为广泛的重要优质牧草，虫害是限制苜蓿产量及品质的重要因素之一。本研究全面调查了CNKI数据库中自1980年以来我国苜蓿害虫的研究论文，整理出了目前我国已报道的苜蓿害虫名录，并对所有文献内容进行了深入分析。结果表明，目前我国报道的苜蓿害虫共计297种，隶属于8个目48个科，其中研究较多的是草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)、苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)、苜蓿夜蛾(Heliothis olipsacea)和牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothrips loti)5种害虫。自1980年以来，CNKI中收录的苜蓿害虫相关文献共计226篇，其中博士学位论文2篇，硕士学位论文40篇，期刊论文184篇。研究内容涉及生物生态学特性、防治、种类和多样性调查、种群动态与群落结构以及生物化学与分子生物学5个方面，其中前两者的研究较多，而后者较少。笔者建议今后苜蓿害虫研究应加强以下几个方面：1)继续开展苜蓿害虫种类调查，明确各大苜蓿种植区的关键害虫；2)加强苜蓿害虫基础生物生态学特性研究；3)推进苜蓿害虫的分子生物学研究；4)建立苜蓿害虫综合管理技术体系。

关键词：苜蓿；害虫；生态学；中国；研究进展

苜蓿(Medicago)属豆科植物(Leguminosae)，拥有“牧草之王”的美称，是世界上栽培最早、分布最广的优质牧草，在我国畜牧业中具有重要地位。近年来，随着我国农业结构的调整及国民饮食结构变化，苜蓿的种植面积呈逐年增加的趋势。特别是自2012年国家提出“振兴奶业苜蓿发展行动”以来，我国苜蓿种植面积迅猛增加，2014年全国苜蓿商品草种植面积达400万亩(26.7万hm2)，干草产量达100万t，较2011年增加约4倍[1]。与此同时，我国苜蓿进口量却也在逐年迅猛增加。据中国海关数据，2012年我国苜蓿进口量突破40万t，2013年达75万t，2014年达88万t。在我国苜蓿产量最高的2014年，进口苜蓿和国产苜蓿的比例仍高达8.8∶10。2014年我国进口苜蓿干草平均到岸价格387.24美元·t-1，按此价格计算，2014年我国进口苜蓿金额接近3.5亿美元。我国苜蓿单位面积产量约为6 000 kg·hm-2，粗蛋白质不到15%，而美国的苜蓿单位面积产量高达15 000 kg·hm-2，粗蛋白质含量达18%[2]。

在影响苜蓿生产的诸多因素中，虫害是限制苜蓿产量及品质的重要因素之一[3-6]。1978年，内蒙古锡林浩特地区苜蓿地发生白条芫菁(Epicautagorhamimarseul)，减产30%以上；1983年，内蒙古呼盟地区爆发了苜蓿叶象(Hyperapostica)，造成50%～60%的苜蓿枯死而严重减产[7]。2002-2003年草地螟(Loxostegesticticalis)在宁夏地区大范围爆发，危害面积超过60%，造成苜蓿干草损失3.6亿kg[8]。苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphistrifolii)在宁夏地区普遍发生，造成大面积苜蓿萎蔫、短缩和霉污[9]；该虫害严重发生时，对苜蓿商品草产业造成的经济损失1.51亿元以上[10]。据报道，美国苜蓿地至少有1 000种节肢动物，其中有100～150种能造成危害。尽管苜蓿在我国栽培有着悠久的历史，虫害对我国的苜蓿生产危害巨大，但我国苜蓿害虫的研究历史却相对较短。贺春贵等[3]于2005年对我国苜蓿害虫研究的历史及已取得的成就进行了总结，并建议积极开展苜蓿害虫综合防控技术研究。尽管草地相关书籍中记录了部分苜蓿害虫，也有部分苜蓿害虫名录的论文发表，但至今还未有人对我国已报道的苜蓿害虫进行系统整理并建立害虫名录。

本研究参考草地害虫相关书籍中记录的苜蓿害虫，并查阅CNKI数据库中收录的苜蓿害虫相关文献，旨在明确我国已报道的苜蓿害虫种类及其研究现状，促进我国苜蓿害虫的研究及其防治，为今后我国苜蓿产业的健康发展提供基础性数据。

1苜蓿害虫种类

以“害虫+苜蓿”作为关键词进行全文检索，然后对所有检索结果进行记录、阅读和筛选，并参考《苜蓿病虫草鼠害防治》[4]、《草地保护学》[5]和《草地昆虫学》[6]等书籍，最后建立苜蓿害虫目录。结果显示，目前我国已报道的苜蓿害虫共计297种，分属于8个目的48个科。鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫种类最多，分别为123种和114种。其次为半翅目和同翅目，共计34种。直翅目有11种，缨翅目有9种，双翅目有4种，而膜翅目最少，仅有2种。

不同苜蓿种植区，危害苜蓿的主要害虫种类也有所差异。在甘肃省苜蓿种植区，主要害虫有芫菁类、蚜虫类、蓟马类和盲蝽类等[11-14]。在内蒙古苜蓿种植区，草地螟危害最为严重[15-17]。在新疆苜蓿种植区，主要害虫有象甲类、蚜虫类和盲蝽类等[18-19]。在宁夏苜蓿种植区，蚜虫和蓟马是苜蓿的主要害虫[8,20-21]。从每种害虫的分布地区来看，草地螟主要在内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、河北、山西、陕西等省(区)危害严重，牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothripsloti)则在西北和华北地区危害最重，而蚜虫类广泛分布于各大苜蓿种植区(表1)。

2苜蓿害虫研究现状

以表1中“苜蓿害虫的中文名或拉丁学名+苜蓿”为检索词进行全文检索，阅读、记录、筛选所有检索到的文献，并删除与苜蓿无关的文献。结果显示，自1980年至今，CNKI数据库中收录的苜蓿害虫相关研究文献共计226篇，其中博士学位论文2篇，硕士学位论文40篇，期刊论文184篇。按论文的发表年代进行统计，20世纪80年代仅发表4篇，90年代共发表10篇。自2000年以来，苜蓿害虫相关文献逐年快速增加，占文献总数的93.8%。其中，2000-2009年发表102篇，2010-2014年发表110篇(图1)。按研究内容进行统计，我国苜蓿害虫研究涉及种类及多样性调查、生物及生态学特性、种群动态及群落结构、生物化学和分子生物学以及防治5个方面(表1)。其中有关防治及生物生态学特性的文献最多，两者占文献总数的70%以上，而有关生物化学与分子生物学方面的研究最少，仅有29篇文献。

表1　我国已报道的苜蓿害虫种类

续表1(1)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference夜蛾Spodopteraexigua[23,26]、粘虫Mythimnaseparate[15,24,26]、白薯绮夜蛾Emmeliatrabealis[24]、白边切夜蛾Euxoaoberthii-ri[33]、绣罗夜蛾Leucanitispicta[34]、斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitu-ra[22,26,35]、棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera[26,32,35]天蛾科Sphingidae榆绿天蛾Callambulyxtatarinovi[23-24]、蓝目天蛾Smerithuspla-nus[23-24]、沙枣白眉天蛾Celeriohippphaes[23-24]、小豆长喙天蛾Macroglossumstellatarum[23-24]尺蛾科Geometridae大造桥虫Ascotisselenaria[23-24,31]、桦缘尺蛾Epionevespertar-ia[23-24]、苜蓿尺蛾Tephrinaarenacearia[23-24]、沙枣尺蛾Apoc-heimacinerarius[23-24]、二线绿尺蛾Euchlorisatyche[23-24]、豆小尺蛾Calothysaniscomptaria[23-24]舟蛾科Notodontidae黑带二尾舟蛾Cerueravinulafelina[23-24]、腰带燕尾舟蛾Harpy-ialanigera[23-24]、杨二尾舟蛾Ceruramenciana[23-24]灯蛾科Arctiidae黄带灰苔蛾Poliosiamuricolor[23-24]、黄土苔蛾Eilenmanigripo-da[23-24]、黑带污灯蛾Spilarctiaquercii[23-24]、黑灯蛾Spilarctiacaesarea[24]、星白雪灯蛾Spilosomamenthastri[23-24]虎蛾科Agaristidae密云草蛾Ethmiacirrnocnemia[23-24]细卷蛾科Cocyhylidae青海细卷蛾Eugnostahydrargyranamongolica[23-24]麦蛾科Gelechiidae桃条麦蛾Anarsialineatella[23-24]、钩麦蛾Aproaeremaanthyl-lidella[22-23]螟蛾科Pyralidae饰纹草螟Crambusornatellus[23-24]、银纹草螟Crambusmalacel-lus[23-24]、银光草螟Crambusperlellus[23-24]、榄绿草螟Crambusmonochromellus[23-24]、苜蓿螟Nephopteryxsemirubel-la[23-24,29]、菊髓草螟Myeloiscribrumella[23]、网锥额野螟Loxo-stegesticticalis[30]、褐切叶野螟Psararudis[23-24,30]、玉米螟Pyraustanubilalis[22-24]、环纹螟Nomophilanoctuella[23]、草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[20,22-24,26,31-32,36]、黄草地螟Loxostegever-ticalis[20,29]透翅蛾科Sesiidae苹果小透翅蛾Conopiahector[22]小卷蛾科Olethreutidae豆小卷叶蛾Matsumuraesesphaseoli[15]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟科Melolonthi-dae白鳃金龟Polyphyllaalba[23]、黑绒金龟裸条形Maladeraorien-talis[21,37]、黑绒鳃金龟Sericaorientalis[28,37]、小云鳃金龟Polyphyllagracilicornis[23]、褐绒金龟Maladerajaponica[37]、细绒金龟Sericabrunea[37]、塔太籽绒金龟Sericaniatatisutca-ta[37]、大云鳃金龟Polyphyllalaticollis[23]、汉塞籽绒金龟Seri-caniahasegawui[37]、玫红眼绒金龟Ophthalmosericarosi-nae[37]、脊臀毛绒金龟Trichosericaheydeni[37]、磨饰毛绒金龟Trichosericapotia[37]、暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichiapurallela[23]、小阔胫玛绒金龟Maladeraovatula[37]、阔胫玛绢金龟Maladeraverticalis[37]、沥青齿爪鳃金龟Holotrichiapicea[37]、金露长脚金龟Ectinohopliachrysura[37]、华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichiaobli-ta[23,28,31-32,37]、围绿蛾鳃金龟Hopliacincticollis[23]、马铃薯鳃金龟东亚亚种Amphimallinsol-stitialissibiricus[23]、四川齿爪鳃金龟Holotrichiaszechuanensis[37]、

续表1(2)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference爬皱鳃金龟Trematodespotanini[38]、波婆鳃金龟Brahminapotani-ni[37]、东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichiadiomphalia[37]、黑皱鳃金龟Trem-atodestenebrioides[39-40]鞘翅目Coleoptera丽金龟科Rutelidae黄褐丽金龟Anomalaexoleta[23,28,37]、粗绿彩丽金龟Mimelaholoseri-cea[23]、苹毛丽金龟Proagoperthalucidula[28]、毛喙丽金龟Adoretushirsute[37-38]、四斑弧丽金龟Popilliaquadriguttata[37]、琉璃弧丽金龟Popilliaatrocoerulea[37]花金龟科Cetoniidae小青花金龟Oxycetoniajucunda[23]、白星花金龟Protaetiabrevitar-sis[23]飘虫科Coccinellidae裂臂飘虫Henosepilachnasp.[23]郭公虫科Cleridae红斑郭公虫Trichodessinae[23]天牛科Cerambycidae吐克曼天牛Turcmennigenasp.[23]、苜蓿多节天牛Agapanthiaamuren-sis[38,41]、黑棘翅天牛Aethalodesverrucosus[38]芫菁科Meloidae苹斑芫菁Mylabriscalida[7,11,23]、腋斑芫菁Mylabrisaxillaries[23]、绿芫菁Lyttacaraganae[23,27,38,42]、白条芫菁Epicautasp.[7]、耳角短翅芫菁Meloeauriculatus[42]、曲角短翅芫菁Meloeproscarabeaus[42]、中黑头黑芫菁Epicautadubia[23,42]、蒙古斑芫菁Mylabrismongolica[42]、大头豆芫菁Epicautamegalocephala[41]、中华豆芫菁Epicautachinen-sis[23,38]、暗头豆芫菁Epicautaobscurocephala[38,41-42]、西北豆芫菁Epicautasibirica[38,41-42]、丽斑芫菁Mylabrisspeciosa[39,42]叶甲科Chrysomelidae黑缝隐头叶甲Cryptocephalusbohemiussemenovi[23]、黑斑隐头叶甲Cryptocephalusagnus[23]、隐头叶甲Cryptocephalussp.[27]、艾蒿隐头叶甲Cryptocephaluskoltzei[23]、榆隐头叶甲Cryptocephaluslemnisca-tus[23]、齿腹隐头叶甲Cryptocephalusstchukini[23]、杨梢叶甲Parnopsglasunowi[23]、蒙古光翅叶甲Chlorpoterusgrandis[23]、瘤胸叶甲Ze-ugophorasp.[23]、大猿叶甲Colaphellusbowringii[23]、橙胸斜缘叶甲Plagioderaversicolora[23]、二十斑叶甲Chrysomelavigintipuncta-ta[23]、方形叶甲Paropsidessp.[23]、四点长跗叶甲Monoleplaqua-driguttata[23]、黑角卵形叶甲Oomorphoidespiliceps[23]、黄曲条跳甲Phyllotretastriolata[15]、直条跳甲Phyllotrotrelaviltata[15]、黄宽条跳甲Phyllotretahumilis[23]、麦凹胫跳甲Chaetocnemahortensis[38]、粟茎跳甲Chaetocnemaingenua[23]、绿龟甲Cassidasp.[23]象甲科Curculionidae欧洲方喙象Cleouuspiger[23]、中国方喙象Cleouusfreyi[23]、二斑尖眼象Chromonotusbipunctatus[23]、条纹根瘤象Sitonalineellus[23]、甜菜毛足象Phacephorusumbratus[23]、长角毛足象Phacephorusdecipi-ens[23]、短角毛足象Phacephorusvillis[23]、长毛根瘤象Sitonafoe-dus[23]、根瘤象Sitonasp.[23,27]、甜菜长柄象Mesagroicussp.[23]、普象Prrtonmussp.[23]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[23]、苜蓿叶象Hy-perapostica[7,23]、短毛草象Chloebiuspsittacinus[38]叩头甲科Elateridae虎斑叩头甲Selatosomuspacatus[23]、褐纹金针虫Melanotuscau-dex[28]、宽背叩头甲Selatosomuslatus[15,23,28]、细胸叩头虫Agriotesfuscicollis[15,29]、细胸锥尾叩甲Agriotessubvittatus[28,38]拟步甲科Tenebrionidae皱纹琵琶甲Blapsrugosa[23]、网目拟地甲Opatrumsabartum[23,28]、蒙古沙潜Gocephalumreticulatum[23,39-40]、达氏琵甲Blapsdavidea[39]

续表1(3)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference直翅目Orthoptera菱蝗科Tetrigidae隆背蚱Tetrixtartara[23]锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短额负蝗Atractomorphasinensis[23,43-44]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoria[31-32]、短星翅蝗Calliptamusabbrevi-atus[23]、大垫尖翅蝗Epacromiuscoerulipes[23,44]、黄胫小车蝗Oedaleusinfernalis[23]、甘蒙尖翅蝗Epacromiustergestinusexti-mus[23,44-45]、亚洲小车蝗Oedaleusdecorusasiaticus[23,25,46]网翅蝗科Arcypteridae素色异爪蝗Euchorthippusunicolor[23]剑角蝗科Acrididae中华蚱蜢Acridacinerea[23]蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpaorientalis[23,47]缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripidae牛角花齿蓟马Odontothripsloti[23]、花蓟马Frankliniellainton-sa[23,31-32,48]、草木樨近绢蓟马Sussericothripsmelilotus[20,23,47]、烟蓟马Thripstabaci[23,47]、苜蓿齿蓟马Odontothripsspp.[20]膜翅目Hymenoptera广肩小蜂科Eurytomidae苜蓿籽蜂Bruchophagusgibbus[23,26]叶蜂科Tenthredinidae黄翅菜叶蜂Athaliarosaejapanensis[23]双翅目Diptera潜蝇科Agromyzidae豌豆潜叶蝇Phytomyzahorticola[20-21,27,35]、潜叶蝇Phytomyzasp.[12]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[23]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[31-32]、苜蓿无网长管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[23]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpi-sum[12]、麦二叉蚜Schizaphisgraminum[23]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[23,35,49]叶蝉科Cicadellidae片角叶蝉Idiocerusurakawensis[23]、条沙叶蝉Psammotettixstria-tus[23]、小绿叶蝉Empoascaflavescens[23,43]、二点叶蝉Cicadulinabipunctella[23]、大青叶蝉Cicadellaviridis[45]沫蝉科Cercopidae白纸沫蝉Aphrophorasp.[23]、鞘翅沫蝉Lepyroniacoleoptera-ta[23]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae绿盲蝽Apolyguslucorum[23]、三点盲蝽Adelphocorisfasciaticol-lis[23]、中黑盲蝽Adelphocorissuturalis[23]、短额狭盲蝽Stenode-malaevigatum[23]、红楔异盲蝽Polymeruscognatus[23]、四点苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorisquadripqunctatus[23]、牧草盲蝽Lyguspraten-sis[23]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorislineolatus[23,28,50-51]缘蝽科Coreidae亚姬缘蝽Corizusalbomarginatus[23]、颗缘蝽Coriomerissp.[23]长蝽科Lygaeidae蒴长蝽Pylorussp.[23]同蝽科Acanthosomatidae泛刺同蝽Acanthosomaspinicolle[23]蝽科Pentatomidae沙枣润蝽Rhaphigasternebulase[23]、格蝽Cappaeataprobanen-sis[23]、西北麦蝽Aeliasibirica[23]、长绿蝽Brachynemagerma-rii[23]、斑须蝽Dolycorisbaccarum[23]、稻绿蝽Nezaraviridu-la[23]、紫翅果蝽Carpocorispurpureipennis[23]、横纹菜蝽Euryde-magebleri[23]

续表1(4)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference防治Control鳞翅目Lepidoptera粉蝶科Pieridae斑缘豆粉蝶Coliaserate[21,52]灰蝶科Lycaenidae豆灰蝶Plebejusargus[12]、多眼灰蝶Polyommatuseros[12]夜蛾科Noctuidae小地老虎Agrotisypsilon[21]、苜蓿夜蛾Heliothisdipsa-cea[16,19,21,31-32,53-56]、甘蓝夜蛾Mamestrabrassicae[54,57]、甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua[57-59]、斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura[60]、棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera[32,57]尺蛾科Geometridae大造桥虫Ascotisselenaria[31]螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[8,16-17,21,31-32,51,53-54,56,61-75]、黄草地螟Loxostegeverticalis[76]小卷蛾科Olethreutidae豆小卷叶蛾Matsumuraesesphaseoli[52]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟科Melolonthidae黑绒鳃金龟Sericaorientalis[28,76-78]、华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichiaoblita[31-32,77-78]丽金龟科Rutelidae黄褐丽金龟Anomalaexoleta[77-78]芫菁科Meloidae苹斑芫菁Mylabriscalida[11]、腋斑芫菁Mylabrisaxillaries[11]、绿芫菁Lyttacaraganae[11,21,76]、中华豆芫菁Epicautachinen-sis[11-12]、豆芫菁Epicautagorhami[11,52]、暗头豆芫菁Epicautaob-scurocephala[11-12]象甲科Curculionidae条纹根瘤象Sitonalineellus[79]、小灰鼻象甲Hyperaspp.[21,76]、甜菜象甲Bothynoderespunctiventris[21,76]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[80]、苜蓿叶象Hyperapostica[79,81-84]、紫苜宿叶象Hyperapostica[85]直翅目Orthoptera锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短额负蝗Atractomorphasinensis[86]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoria[31-32]、短星翅蝗Calliptamusabbrevi-atus[87]、大垫尖翅蝗Epacromiuscoerulipes[87]缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripidae牛角花齿蓟马Odontothripsloti[21,61-62,76-78,88-95]、花蓟马Fran-kliniellaintonsa[31,32,77-78]、苜蓿蓟马Frankliniellaoccidental-is[77-78,88,96-97]、烟蓟马Thripstabaci[77-78,88]、普通蓟马Thripsvul-gatissimus[21,77,78]、豆类丝大蓟马Megalurpthripssjostadti[57]、花生端大蓟马Megalurpthripdistalis[57]、苜蓿齿蓟马Odentothriptsp.[21]双翅目Diptera潜蝇科Agromyzidae豌豆潜叶蝇Phytomyzahorticola[61]、苜蓿潜叶蝇Phytomyzaatri-cornis[21,61]、潜叶蝇Phytomyzasp.[12]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[89,98]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[31-32,61-62]、苜蓿无网长管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[21,99]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpisum[12,21,77-78,99-102]、棉蚜Aphisgossypii[57]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[21,51,61-62,89,98-99,103-115]叶蝉科Cicadellidae小绿叶蝉Empoascaflavescens[116-117]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae牧草盲蝽Lyguspratensis[21,61-62,77-78]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorisline-olatus[21,31,61-62,77-78,116,118]

续表1(5)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference生物生态学特性Bioecologycharacteristics鳞翅目Lepidoptera粉蝶科Pieridae斑缘豆粉蝶Coliaserate[21,76,119]夜蛾科Noctuidae小地老虎Agrotisypsilon[21,28]、黄地老虎Agrotissege-tum[28]、苜蓿夜蛾Heliothisdipsacea[21,33,76,119-120]螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[8,21,33,61-62,76,120-126]、黄草地螟Loxo-stegeverticalis[8]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟科Melolonthidae黑绒金龟裸条形Maladeraorientalis[21]、黑绒鳃金龟Sericaorientalis[76-78]、华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichiaoblita[74-75]丽金龟科Rutelidae黄褐丽金龟Anomalaexoleta[77-78]芫菁科Meloidae腋斑芫菁Mylabrisaxillaries[11]、绿芫菁Lyttacaraga-nae[11,21,76]、中华豆芫菁Epicautachinensis[11-12,127-128]、豆芫菁Epicautagorhami[11,52]、暗头豆芫菁Epicautaobscurocepha-la[11-12]象甲科Curculionidae小灰鼻象甲Hyperaspp.[21,76]、甜菜象甲Bothynoderespunc-tiventris[21,76]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[129]、苜蓿叶象Hyperapostica[130-133]拟步甲科Tenebrionidae皱纹琵琶甲Blapsrugosa[134]直翅目Orthoptera锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短额负蝗Atractomorphasinensis[86,135-136]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae短星翅蝗Calliptamusabbreviatus[44,87,135-136]、大垫尖翅蝗Ep-acromiuscoerulipes[135-137]、甘蒙尖翅蝗Epacromiustergestinusextimus[136]蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpaorientalis[28,47,88,96]缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripidae牛角花齿蓟马Odontothripsloti[21,48,61-62,77-78,88,90,95,138-143]、花蓟马Frankliniellaintonsa[48,77-78]、苜蓿蓟马Frankliniellaocci-dentalis[21,77-78,96]、草木樨近绢蓟马Sussericothripsmelilo-tus[140]、烟蓟马Thripstabaci[47-48,77-78,140,144-151]、普通蓟马Thripsvulgatissimus[21,61,77-78]、苜蓿齿蓟马Odentothriptsp.[21]膜翅目Hymenoptera广肩小蜂科Eurytomidae苜蓿籽蜂Bruchophagusgibbus[26,152-155]双翅目Diptera潜蝇科Agromyzidae豌豆潜叶蝇Phytomyzahorticola[59,61]、苜蓿潜叶蝇Phytomy-zaatricornis[21]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[156]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[61-62]、苜蓿无网长管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[21]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosi-phonpisum[21,76-78,156-174]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[9-10,21,61-62,134,175-177]叶蝉科Cicadellidae大青叶蝉Cicadellaviridis[178]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae牧草盲蝽Lyguspratensis[21,61-62,77-78]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorislineolatus[21,61-62,77-78]

续表1(6)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference种群动态及群落结构Populationdynamicsandcommunitystructure鳞翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae苜蓿夜蛾Heliothisdipsacea[18]、小造桥虫Anomisfla-va[179]螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[61]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟科Melolonthidae小云鳃金龟Polyphyllagracilicornis[22]、黑皱鳃金龟Trem-atodestenebrioides[180]丽金龟科Rutelidae黄褐丽金龟Anomalaexoleta[22]、四斑弧丽金龟Popilliaquadriguttata[22]花金龟科Cetoniidae白星花金龟Protaetiabrevitarsis[180]犀金龟科Dynastidae阔胸犀金龟Pentodonpatruelis[22]天牛科Cerambycidae大牙土天牛Dorysthenesparadoxus[180]芫菁科Meloidae苹斑芫菁Mylabriscalida[18,22,181]、绿芫菁Lyttacaraga-nae[13]、小黑芫菁Epicauteamegalocephala[36]、暗色芫菁Nabisstemferus[182]叶甲科Chrysomelidae隐头叶甲Cryptocephalussp.[13]、艾蒿隐头叶甲Crypto-cephaluskoltzei[22]、麦颈叶甲Colasphosomadauri-cum[182]、大猿叶甲Colaphellusbowringii[13]、黄宽条跳甲Phyllotretahumilis[13]、梨光叶甲Smaragdinasemiauranti-aca[22]、黄守瓜Anlacophoraindica[22]、红胸胫齿叶象Gas-trophysapolygoni[18,181]象甲科Curculionidae条纹根瘤象Sitonalineellus[18,22,181-183]、甜菜毛足象Phace-phorusumbratus[22]、驴豆根瘤象Sitonacallosus[18,181]、草木樨籽象Tychiusmelilotus[18,181]、小灰鼻象甲Hyperaspp.[22]、大灰鼻象甲Sympiezomiacvelatus[22]、根瘤象Sitonasp.[13]、甜菜象甲Bothynoderespunctiventris[22,180]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[18,22,181]、苜蓿叶象Hyperapostica[18,181,184-189]、车轴草根瘤象Curculiohispidula[26]、紫苜宿叶象Hyperapostica[26]叩头甲科Elateridae细胸叩头虫Agriotesfuscicollis[182]拟步甲科Tenebrionidae皱纹琵琶甲Blapsrugosa[180]、网目砂潜Opatrumreticula-tum[22]、蒙古拟地甲Gonocephalummongolicum[22]、克氏侧琵甲Prosodeskreitneri[180]直翅目Orthoptera锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短额负蝗Atractomorphasinensis[43-44]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae大垫尖翅蝗Epacromiuscoerulipes[181]、甘蒙尖翅蝗Epacro-miustergestinusextimus[190]蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpaorientalis[183]缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripidae牛角花齿蓟马Odontothripsloti[48,50,191]、烟蓟马Thripstabaci[179,182,192-193]、普通蓟马Thripsvulgatissimus[61]膜翅目Hymenoptera广肩小蜂科Eurytomidae苜蓿籽蜂Bruchophagusgibbus[194]

续表1(7)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物种及参考文献Speciesandreference叶蜂科Tenthredinidae黄翅菜叶蜂Athaliarosaejapanensis[182]双翅目Diptera潜蝇科Agromyzidae豌豆潜叶蝇Phytomyzahorticola[22,61,182,191,195]、小麦潜叶蝇Phytomyzanigra[179]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[196]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[61]、苜蓿无网长管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[182,192]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpisum[182,193,197]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[13-14,61,175,180,192-193,198-206]叶蝉科Cicadellidae小绿叶蝉Empoascaflavescens[22,43,179,190,207-209]、大青叶蝉Cicadellaviridis[190]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae中黑盲蝽Adelphocorissuturalis[210]、牧草盲蝽Lygusprat-ensis[61,192]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorislineolatus[61,180,192]生物化学及分子生物学Biochemistryandmolecularbiology鳞翅目Lepidoptera螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[211]鞘翅目Coleoptera象甲科Curculionidae苜蓿叶象Hyperapostica[212]缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripidae牛角花齿蓟马Odontothripsloti[93,144-148,213-215]、烟蓟马Thripstabaci[213-215]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[216]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpi-sum[217-227]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[106,228-231]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae四点苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorisquadripqunctatus[232]

图1　苜蓿害虫相关文献所占比

在所有已报道的苜蓿害虫中，绝大多数仅限于种类调查，而研究方面较为丰富的有草地螟、豌豆蚜、苜蓿斑蚜、牛角花齿蓟马和苜蓿夜蛾等害虫(表1)。

尽管自然天敌在害虫控制中具有诸多优点，但有关苜蓿害虫的天敌研究还非常少。为了明确苜蓿害虫的自然天敌研究现状，笔者整理了所有苜蓿害虫文献中提及的天敌种类，然后以“天敌的中文名或拉丁学名+苜蓿”作为检索词在CNKI数据库中进行全文检索，阅读、记录、筛选所有与苜蓿直接相关的文献，统计获得苜蓿害虫自然天敌的种类及研究文献。结果显示，目前文献中记录的苜蓿害虫自然天敌共计68种，包括58种天敌昆虫和10种蜘蛛，其中对苜蓿叶象啮小蜂、龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫和多异瓢虫等4种天敌昆虫的捕食功能、生物学特性等方面进行了较为系统的研究[96,193,210]，从而为科学有效地利用这些天敌控制苜蓿害虫奠定了基础。

表2　苜蓿害虫的自然天敌种类

续表2

目Order科Family物种名Species参考文献Reference寄蝇科Tachinidae伞裙追寄蝇Exoristacivilis[52,53]食蚜蝇科Syrphidae短翅细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerphoriascripta[26,235]大灰食蚜蝇Metasyrphuscorollae[26]半翅目Hemiptera长蝽科Lygaeidae大眼长蝽Geocorispallidipennis[30,233,245]盲蝽科Miridae黑点食虫盲蝽Deraeocorispunctulatus[22,30,79,233,235]姬蝽科Nabidae小姬蝽Nabismimoferus[30,79,233,235]花蝽科Anthocoridae小花蝽Oriusminutus[30,233,235,246]东亚小花蝽Oriussauteri[247-248]南方小花蝽Oriussimilis[237,249-250]脉翅目Neuroptera草蛉科Chrysopidae叶色草蛉Chrysopaphyllochroma[30,233]丽草蛉Chrysopaformosa[235]中华草蛉Chrysopasinica[30,79,233]大草蛉Chrysopapallens[237,251]普通草蛉Chrysopacarnea[26]缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripinae塔六点蓟马Scolothripstakahashii[237]蜘蛛目Araneae狼蛛科LycosidaeT纹豹蛛PardosaT-insignita[252-253]星豹蛛Pardosaastrigena[254-255]黑腹狼蛛Lycosacoelestris田野豹蛛Pardosaagrestis[255]蟹蛛科Thomisidae三突花蛛Ebrechtellatricuspidata[254-256]条纹花蟹蛛Xysticusstriatipes[255]皿蛛科Linyphiidae草间小黑蛛Hylyphantesgraminicola[237,240,253]园蛛科Araneidae灌木新园蛛Neosconaadianta[255]球蛛科Theridiidae印痕球蛛Theridionimpressum[255]微蛛科Erigonidae草间钻头蛛Hylyphantesgraminicolum[257]

3总结与展望

近年来，我国苜蓿害虫研究受到了越来越多的重视，相关研究不断增多，并取得了一定的成就，这与我国近10年来苜蓿产业的快速发展和畜牧业对苜蓿日益增长的需求密切相关。另一方面，由于我国苜蓿产业起步晚，长期未得到应有的重视，苜蓿害虫研究力度仍然不够，与农业害虫相比差距仍非常明显。例如，在CNKI中以“草地螟”作为关键词进行检索，文献记录数达1 400余条，但与苜蓿直接相关的文献仅占3.5%。

开展苜蓿害虫研究，最终的目标是建立科学、合理、高效、可持续的苜蓿害虫综合管理体系，保障苜蓿产业的健康发展。因此，作者建议应重点加强以下几方面的研究。

3.1明确各大苜蓿种植区的重要害虫和关键天敌

有害生物综合治理的首要前提是“是什么”的问题，即苜蓿地中有哪些害虫，哪些是关键害虫。已有的苜蓿害虫研究中，有关苜蓿害虫种类及多样性调查的研究占了近1/5，但目前苜蓿地节肢动物物种丰富度还不是非常清楚，特别是针对自然天敌种类的调查研究还很少。进一步明确各大苜蓿种植区的重要害虫和关键天敌种类，是建立苜蓿害虫可持续管理体系的基础。近年来，随着国家“振兴奶业苜蓿发展行动”计划的实施及我国农业结构的调整，苜蓿种植面积逐年增加，但随之变化的苜蓿害虫种类及群落结构多样性的变化，还未开展系统研究。

3.2加强苜蓿害虫基础生物生态学特性研究

明确苜蓿害虫的生活史、发生规律、习性及危害性等基础生物生态学特性，是有效开展害虫预测预报及防治的前提和基础性工作。尽管有关苜蓿害虫生物生态学特性研究占所有研究的1/3，但对于大多数苜蓿害虫的生物生态学特性研究还是空白。在今后的研究中要特别关注苜蓿地中特殊的昆虫群落组成及其动态，苜蓿和其它牧草、农作物间套作系统下的昆虫发生发展规律。此外，应研究植物-害虫-天敌三级营养关系，从而明确植物的抗虫性以及自然天敌对害虫的控制作用。

3.3推进苜蓿害虫的生物化学及分子生物学研究

目前，基因组学技术的快速发展，为从分子水平上开展苜蓿害虫的成灾机理研究提供了强大工具，为苜蓿害虫防治带来了新的方法和思路，具有非常广阔的研究和应用前景。但我国已有的苜蓿害虫相关研究中，涉及生物化学及分子生物方面的研究最为薄弱，今后应加大研究力度，特别是苜蓿害虫的为害机理、生态适应性及抗虫苜蓿品种的分子培育等基础性研究。

3.4建立苜蓿害虫绿色防控综合技术

自2005年，贺春贵等[3]首次系统总结了我国苜蓿害虫研究进展以来，其综合管理体系的建立仍未有大的进展。虽然不少研究均提出了苜蓿害虫的综合防治措施，但大多并非基于苜蓿害虫已有的研究结果，且主要局限于某一地区，而未考虑生物、地理、气候及种植结构等综合生态信息。建立苜蓿害虫的综合管理体系，不但要充分借鉴农作物病虫害已有的研究成果，同时应考虑苜蓿的饲用性及多年生等特点。鉴于苜蓿的特殊用途，防治苜蓿害虫基本要求是不用或少用化学农药(苜蓿种子田可用化学农药，苜蓿草田在害虫危害严重时亦可采用化学防治措施)。因此，对于不同的苜蓿田，应有区别地建立管理体系，特别是化学防治指标的制定应因时因地而宜。筛选高效、低毒、低残留的农药，采用科学的使用方法，选择合理的用药时间，是在苜蓿集约化种植的情况下控制害虫严重发生必备的技术手段。同时，应充分发挥天敌等自然控害因子的作用，并结合当前信息技术和生物技术的最新成果积极开展苜蓿害虫预测预报技术研究。总之，建立苜蓿害虫绿色防控技术体系，须遵守“草地有害生物综合治理”的理论与方法[258]，在明确苜蓿害虫及天敌种类、关键种类生物生态学特性的基础上，深入研究虫害成灾机制，从草地生态系统的固有结构及稳定性出发，以培育和利用抗虫苜蓿品种为中心，充分发挥自然天敌的控害作用，综合运用各种措施，将虫害控制在经济阈值之下。

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Species checklist and research status of alfalfa insect pests reported in China

Zhang Ben, Zhou Min-qiang, Wang Juan, Pu Yi, Zhang Li, Yuan Ming-long

(State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China)

Abstract:Alfalfa is a high quality forage grass widely cultivated in China. Insect pests have been becoming one of the most important factors that limited alfalfa’s yield and quality. In this study, research papers of alfalfa insect pests published since 1980 were obtained by searching the CNKI database, and the catalogue of alfalfa insect pests has been listed out by analyzing all these articles in detail. Results showed that a total of 297 species belonging to 48 families of 8 orders had been reported in China, among which the most extensively studied were Loxostege sticticalis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Therioaphis trifolii, Heliothis dipsacea and Odontothrips loti. A total of 226 studies are related to alfalfa insect pests, including 2 PhD dissertations, 40 master dissertations and 184 journal articles. All these studies involved bioecology characteristics, control, species and diversity survey, population dynamics and community structure, as well as biochemistry and molecular biology. Among them, the first two were the most studied, whereas the last was the least. For the future prospects of alfalfa insect pest studies, the suggest that it is necessary: 1) to further investigate species diversity of alfalfa insect pests, and determine key pests occurred in each alfalfa planting region; 2) to enhance bioecology characteristics study; 3) to promote biochemistry and molecular biology study; 4) to establish integrated pest management system for alfalfa insect pests.

Key words:alfalfa; insect pests; ecology; China; research progress

Corresponding author:Yuan Ming-longE-mail: yuanml@lzu.edu.cn

中图分类号：S435.4

文献标识码：A

文章编号：1001-0629(2016)4-0785-28*

通信作者：袁明龙(1982-)，男，甘肃靖远人，副教授，博士，研究方向为草地昆虫学及分子生态学研究。E-mail: yuanml@lzu.edu.cn

基金项目：长江学者和创新团队发展计划资助(IRT13019)；教育部科学技术研究重点(重大)项目(313028)；兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(lzujbky-2012-91)

收稿日期：2015-07-01接受日期：2015-09-09

DOI:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0369

张奔，周敏强，王娟，蒲毅，张丽，袁明龙.我国苜蓿害虫种类及研究现状.草业科学,2016,33(4)：785-812.

Zhang B,Zhou M Q,Wang J,Pu Y,Zhang L,Yuan M L.Species checklist and research status of alfalfa insect pests reported in China.Pratacultural Science，2016,33(4)：785-812.

第一作者：张奔(1995-)，男，山西平陆人，在读本科生,研究方向为草地昆虫学及分子生态学研究。E-mail: zhangben13@lzu.edu.cn