谈如何恰当运用过渡词来提高潜能生的英语写作水平

赵明星 胡雨 禹清峰 张蕊

摘要：众所周知，我们若想写出清晰流畅的文章，就需要把其中的各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样，文章就显得自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词就是连接这些部分的纽带。本文主要从过渡词的含义、作用、分类以及应用等方面阐述如何恰当地运用过渡词来提高英语写作水平。

关键词：中学英语；英语写作；过渡词；潜能生

中图分类号：G633.41 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-864X（2016）02-0071-02

一、过渡词的含义、作用和意义

所谓过渡词，就是文章中用一定的词或词组，提示前后意思之间的联系，将他们有机联系起来，自然而然的由上文转入下文的词。它是一种关系指引词，可以用于句子与句子之间的连接，还可以用于段落与段落之间的连接。当句子进入语段、语段进入语篇时，往往需要用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段和语段，有时甚至是把段落与段落连接起来，使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关系，并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性。

汉语文章的组织靠的是意合，即句子与句子之间的联系靠的是句子意义的本身，句子的连接很少使用太多的连接词；而英语文章的组织靠的是形合，句子的连接离不开过渡词。过渡词使用得当，不仅使句子之间连贯、流畅，内容易于理解，而且还能体现文章内容上的连贯性和一致性。

二、过渡词的分类

夸克（Quirk）等人把过渡词分为13大类：列举类、强势类、 对等类、 转折类等。蔡基刚将过渡词分为11类：举例、比较、对照、让步等。我们立足于教学，从方便实用的角度出发，综合以上学者的成果，将过渡词按语义划分为以下最常见的七种类型。下面我们逐一进行说明。

（一）表示添加，进一步说明或强调的过渡词。

常用词：besides/furthermore/additionally/in addition此外，in particular特别地等。例如：Now its time to become concerned with the future of ours. In particular， we must pay enough attention to the problem of pollution.

（二）表示原因、理由和结果的过渡词。

Accordingly于是，as a result/consequently因此，because of /due to由于，thanks to幸亏等。例如：

①Because of science， we now live safer， more comfortable and convenient lives.

②Our standard of living today is much higher than it was before. As a result， more and more people can afford their own houses and cars.

（三）表示比较或对比的过渡词。

equally important/likewise同样重要地，similarly同样地，in spite of纵使，nevertheless不过，conversely/on the contrary相反地，on the other hand另一方面。例如：

①Despite/In spite of all the heartaches and the difficulties， a college education is still our best passport to success.

②If we lacked freedoms， people could not say what they felt. On the other hand/Conversely， if we lacked laws， then society would be disorderly and violent.

（四）表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序。

afterward以后，at present/currently目前，at the same time/in the meantime同时，recently最近，since then...之后，soon after 不久之后。例如：

①At present/Currently/Today/Recently/Lately， more and more people are realizing the importance of protecting our environment.

②Meanwhile/In the meantime/At the same time， students should have more free time for reading what they like to read.

（五）表示列举的过渡词。

First of all首先；Firstly…， Secondly...， Thirdly...第一……，第二……，第三……；To begin with…，Next…，Finally…，首先……，其次……，最后……。例如：

First/First of all/In the first place， we must understand that money cant buy happiness. Dont be a slave to it. Second， we should spend time with friends and family. And third， we should find time to listen to the birds sing， and see the beautiful scenery.

（六）常用表示举例解释的过渡词。

常用的表示举例的过渡词语有：for example举例，namely（等于“that is”）即，这就是说，for instance举例，a case in point恰当的例子。例如：

①The means of production， namely， factories， mines and land should be improved.

②A lot of people here， like Tom for example， would rather stay at home watching TV.

③A case in point is the water control project along the Yangtze River.

（七）表示总结、结论的过渡词。

As has been noted如前所述，As I have said如我所述，In brief/In short简言之，In conclusion /In summary/To sum up/To conclude总之，Eventually最后，In my opinion以我看来，From this point of view从这个观点来看，On account of this，we can find that…由此我们可以发现……，On the whole总起来说，At large总体上而，Personally我个人认为……，Thus，this is the reason why we must…因此，这就是我们为什么必须……。例如：

①In conclusion， lets encourage the exchange of ideas and opinions by means of debates.

②As has been noted/As I have said， country life is more beneficial than city life.

三、过渡词的应用

有的同学在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词，不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：

学生习作：

TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.

They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.

Some information on websites changes all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.

Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.

这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。

修改后的文章：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV， websites also have different sections， so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.

However， they are different in many ways. Above all， moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation， which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then， the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV， some information on websites change all the time， but not all of it is so updated. In addition， everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.

In a word， every medium has its own features， so it is hard to say which is better.

修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段。

第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.

第二段第一句为：However， they are different in many ways.

第三段第一句为：In a word， every medium has its own features…

这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both…and， However， In a word使全文有序地衔接起来。如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色更多。

总之，过渡词使上下文的连接自然、紧凑，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。虽然过渡词的使用并不是文章连贯的惟一手段，但确实是一种十分重要和有效的手段。而过渡词纷繁复杂，只有在学习中慢慢摸索，慢慢积累，才能切实提高英语写作水平。尤其是针对基础薄弱的潜能生，通过简单的过渡词，做有意识的训练，让他们一句一句，一步一步的进入写作状态，从潜能生的写作实践情况出发，结合自身的特点，量身订作方法，逐步提高其英语写作水平。相信这样会进一步地激发潜能生的英语学习兴趣和提高他们的自信心，从而更好地提高他们的英语写作水平。

参考文献：

[1]《美国英语修辞》（American English Rhetoric）本德（Bender）

[2]《英语语法大全》夸克（Quirk）1989年版

[3]《读与写（教育教学刊）》2012年第09期

[4]《青少年日记（教育教学研究）》2016年 第02期

[5]《南昌教育学院学报》2011年 第04期