吴春妫
(霞浦第一中学,福建霞浦355100)
创设情境依托语篇回归语用
——对一节市级语法复习公开课的教学案例分析
吴春妫
(霞浦第一中学,福建霞浦355100)
语法教学是高中英语教学的重点和难点,也是教师“教”与学生“学”的过程中很难突破的一个瓶颈。传统的语法教学总是离不开语言规则的讲解与分析,而这种教学,受到抽象的语法术语及枯燥的练习的束缚,很难达到教师预设的教学效果。本文以人教版英语模块八第四单元的语法内容“复习过去分词作状语的用法”为教学案例,分析在语法教学过程中,通过设置情境,增强趣味性,提高学生学习语法的兴趣;依托语篇,使语法学习语篇化,让学生在语篇素材的输入中,理解语法的形式与意义,并以语篇为单位,训练学生的语言输出应用能力。
语法复习;情境;语篇
在英语教学过程中,语法教学是抽象的,掌握运用难度大,但又非常重要。在传统的语法教学中,通常是教师呈现语法定义,举例讲解语法规则,然后学生以句子为单位进行操练。这样的语法教学不仅达不到期望的教学效果,而且抽象的语法概念反而会增加学生的学习负担,引发学生对语法学习的恐惧感。新课程理念下的语法教学强调教师应精心创设情境,通过使用生动、有趣且包含语法现象的语篇材料让学生从中体会所学语言,在语篇中合理运用语法知识。[1]笔者将以本人市级语法复习公开课为例,阐述根据新课程,创设贴近学生生活的情境,使语法教学生活化、生动化及具体化;以语篇为依托,培养学生的语篇意识及语感的教学思想。
本节课的教学内容是人教版高二英语Module 8,Unit 4中的learning about language,该部分主要是复习动词的过去分词作状语的用法。整个教学过程通过创设贴近学生生活的情境,借助多媒体的动画效果,围绕着“学生的生活”这一条主线展开,以语篇为依托,在语篇中感受语法形式及意义,实现正确运用语法知识的教学效果。
(一)在故事情境中导入语法复习主题
[教学片断1]
在课前,笔者就交指定班长为大家讲述本班故事。在将故事呈现在PPT上的同时,利用多媒体的动画效果,为该故事配上了背景音乐——该班的班歌,以及相应的班级活动照片。故事如下:
Lead-in
A story of Class 8
We still remember the day when we first met each other.Entering Class 8,we saw lovely faces.We were very excited,because we found ourselves surrounded by a group of lovely boys and girls.At the same time,we were worried because of the unknown world.
As time went by,things changed.Accepted by the big family,everyone plays a part in it.Known as“the best singer of Class 8”,Xiaoji is good at speaking.Influenced by the big smile of Lancheng,Xinying is now an outgoing girl.In a word,interested in each other,everyone found his place in the big family.
However,unhappy things happened now and then. Criticized by Miss.Wu,Junwei was unhappy.Beaten black and blue,Zhihong was in a low mood.Left alone in class,Fanlin felt lonely.Anyway,this is life,containing both the happy moments and sad moments.
In the past,defeated many times,we didn’t lose heart. Given another chance,we would succeed.Using our wisdom and knowledge,we will make a difference in the future.We always remember“United,we stand;divided,we fall”.We will keep fighting every day and never give up.
[评析]该故事由笔者自己编写,故事的主人公是本班学生,内容围绕学生生活展开,贴近学生生活,易引起学生对教学内容的关注。以生活故事情境作为导入,减轻学生对语法学习的负担,让学生能够在一种轻松的氛围中学习,使抽象的语法具体化、生活化。同时,在这个过程中,通过回顾自己的学习生活,对学生进行了情感教育。
该故事中的所有句子都体现了过去分词作状语的各种用法。将语法内容以语篇的形式呈现给学生,让学生通过有趣且包含语法现象的句子,体会并感受语法形式,摆脱了传统单纯的以句子呈现语法知识的孤立感。同时,一定的语言输入也为下一环节,语篇中的改错练习做了铺垫。
(二)在语篇中体会语法形式与意义
[教学片断2]
接下来,笔者将导入环节的故事进行重新设置,将其转换成一篇短文改错。该语篇围绕过去分词的用法,有意设置了10处语病,并让学生在规定的时间内完成个人的自主学习,完成后以小组为单位进行讨论,小组代表反馈学习情况。最后师生之间就围绕学习过程中遇到的问题展开教学。任务如下:
Task 1 Error Correction
A story of Class 8
We still remember the day when we first met each other.Entered Class 8,we saw lovely faces.We were very excited,because we found ourselves surrounding by a group of lovely boys and girls.At the same time,we were worrying because of the unknown world.
As time went by,things changed.Accepting by the big family,everyone played a part in it.Knowing as“the best singer of Class 8”,Xiaoji was good at speaking.Influencing by the big smile of Lancheng,Xinying is now an outgoing girl.In a word,Interesting in each other,everyone found his place in the big family.
However,unhappy things happened now and then. Criticizing by Miss.Wu,Junwei was unhappy.Beating black and blue,Zhihong was in a low mood.Leaving alone in class,Fanlin felt lonely.Anyway,this is life,contained both the happy moments and sad moments.
In the past,defeated by other classes,we didn’t lose heart.Giving another chance,we would succeed.Used our wisdom and knowledge,we will make a difference in the future.We always remember“United,we stand;divided,we fall”.We will keep fighting every day and never give up.(备注:红色字体表示该处需要纠错。)
[评析]该环节,同样依托语篇,在上一环节可理解性输入的基础上,检测学生语法知识掌握及语言输出情况。指导学生观察、注意并总结语篇中包含的目标语法形式及意义。同时,通过个别学习及组内合作的方式,培养了学生的自主学习意识及小组合作意识。
(三)在语篇中巩固语法知识
[教学片断3]在这一环节,笔者针对分词的用法创设了一个故事情境。要求学生在规定的时间内,用动词的适当形式填空。先是学生自主完成,之后以小组为单位进行讨论答疑。故事如下:
Task 2 Grammar filling----another story of Class 8
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words given.
The other day,1.(inspire)by his mother’s words,Shilin made up his mind to work hard.Known for his hardworking and humor,Kangqing was popular among his classmates.2.(impress)by Kangqing’s spirit,Shilin asked him to set up a study group.3.(worry)about her grade,Mengling was eager to join in the study group.4.(face)with difficult problems,she would think of the group.Gradually,she made progress.
However,both Kangqing and Shilin failed the English examination.They explained that 5.(give)more time,they would finish the test.That’s to say,time 6.(permit),they would succeed.7.(know)this,their teacher realized it necessary to have a talk with them.Kangqing walked into the teachers'office,8.(follow)by Shilin.9.(criticize)by the teacher,they felt uneasy.Then,they were asked to write a report of reflection.Work 10.(do),they went home.
[评析]通过语篇情境检测学生本节语法知识的学习、掌握及应用的结果。故事的引入,增强了学生学习的好奇心,摆脱学生做语法检测练习的负重感。同时,语法填空是福建高考改革的新题型,在课堂上实现了与高考的链接。
(四)以语篇为单位,回归运用
[教学片断4]在课堂最后,笔者给学生一项“创造性写作”的任务,要求学生围绕小组的学习生活,当堂完成一篇80字左右的小短文,所写短文要包含至少5句含有过去分词作状语的句子。写作要求如下:
Task 3 Creative writing
Write a short passage about your group members,using at least five sentences containing the structures of the past participle as adverbial.You can choose some of the words below.
move;defeat;follow;laugh at;influence,encourage;criticize;leave alone;follow;
在学生动笔写作前,考虑到时间有限,为了降低任务难度,笔者通过PPT向学生呈现了一篇范文。该范文通过生动形象的语法例句,虚构了部分同学的故事。范文如下:
Example:
The other day,I said“Junwei can be crazy sometimes.”Criticized by me,Junwei felt blue.Walkingaround the campus,he came across Zhihong. Laughed at by Zhinhong,Junwei had a fight with him. Beatenblackandblue,Junweibecamedepressed. However,deep in his heart,he remembered his father’s words“Defeated many times,you still have to move on.”That’s to say,faced with unhappy things,one still has to be happy.Then,Junwei found his courage to work hard.
(备注:划横线部分为过去分词的用法,这样做是为了在语言输入过程中,让学生引起注意。)
[评析]本环节是本课的语法学习的另一个更高层次的输出。以书面表达的形式运用所学,给学生更多灵活运用语言的空间。该任务通过关键词的提示以及范文的演示,降低了学习的难度。此外,该任务围绕学生生活展开,任务的设置贴近学生生活,使学生有更多可以表达的内容。
语言只有在一定的情境中运用才能正确理解,真正掌握。[2]在本节课的语法复习教学中,没有对语法概念及规则展开讲解,实现了语法结构的隐形化。笔者以学生自己的生活情境导入,激发学习兴趣;以学生自己的生活情境设置语篇,检测学习效果,再创设生活故事情境,提高了语言运用能力,同时进行了情感教育。教学过程始终围绕学生生活,生活中学语法,用语法,形象生动,富有情趣,充分体现在学习过程中掌握语言运用的方法。
高中英语语法教学要创设有效情境,以激发学生兴趣并帮助其认识语法形式,语法学习语篇化,使学生在输入和输出中体会语言交际功能,并渗透情感教育。[3]从生活中取材,在生活中学习,为生活服务,培养了学生热爱生活,服务生活的意识。笔者愿意作更深入的探讨研究,更期望抛砖引玉,得到大方之家的指教。
[1]覃媛.创设情境,强调语篇,回归运用——由一节语法复习课引发的思考[J].新课程学习,2013(2).
[2]柳丽娟.高中英语语法复习教学之我见[J].新课程研究,2008(2).
[3]孙芷萱.对一节高中英语语法课的反思[J].英语教师,2013(8).
(责任编辑:周大明)