由表及里由浅入深——推理判断题的解题技巧

文/王泉

由表及里由浅入深
——推理判断题的解题技巧

文/王泉

推理判断题包括结合文意推断作者的态度、文章的寓意或目的以及细节的暗示。这类题在原文中无法直接找到答案，属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做题时，应该在忠于原文的基础上由表及里、由浅入深，运用归纳、演绎的思维方法，做出合乎逻辑的推理判断。文中的依据可能是具体的某几句话、某几个段落，也可能是全篇文章。另外，句、段、篇之间的逻辑关系和文章的结构与基调也是我们准确把握作者意图和文章逻辑发展方向的重要依据。

一、对文章细节的推测

这类题要求考生根据语篇关系推断出具体细节，如人物身份、事件、时间、地点、代词指代的内容、具体信息等。常见的命题方式有:

1.We can infer from the passage that the author.

2.It can be inferred from the passage that.

3.From Paragraph...，we can learn that

【中考真题1】（2015年浙江卷，题目有删节，题号不变）Twelve-year-old Leonardo was born in a poor family in Bambamarca in Peru.He knew how to read but he had never seen a book in his life.So he asked the new priest（牧师）in his village to give him one.But there was no electricity.So Leonardo borrow ed candles from the church and sat up all night reading it.The next morning，he was at the door of the priest asking for another book to read.

John Medcalf，the priest，was moved.He also realized that people would love to read if given a chance.But he knew how difficult it was for Leonardo and those in his village to get books.And yet，no one can be taught to read and write without books.To make people in a poor，faraway area grow to love books，they have to be with them.So he thought the only way was to bring books to people.

But how could this be done？Mobile libraries or car libraries would be tooexpensive and difficult to continue in the rocky，hilly land of Peru.So what other method could be used？

Medcalf got a new idea from the barefoot（赤脚）doc tors of China.And that was how the bare foot librarians（图书管理员）first appeared in the villages of northern Peru，almost thirty years ago.

The librarians began by going from village to village，lending books to villagers. They helped start the Rural Library Network of Peru.

At first，they were teachers of the village schools which these faraway libraries belonged to.But the teachers were not very interested in the job because it meant a lo t of hard work.So，village elders took on the job them selves.

Today，there are 600 village libraries across Peru.The bare foot librarians who walk up to 15 hours a day with bags of books are their life line.

39.The underlined word“this”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to（指）“”.

A.to grow to love books B.to bring books to people

C.to read and write D.to build a new library

41.It can be inferred（推断）from the passage that.

A.the first church in Peru was set up by John Med calf

B.car libraries used to be popular in Leonardo's village

C.teachers were interested in bringing books to villagers

D.the barefoot librarians are important to village libraries

解析：这两道题都是推理判断题。第39题推断代词指代的内容。根据第二段最后一句：So he thought the only way was to bring books to people.可以推断出，下一段第一句中的this指的是to bring books to people。答案为B。第41题则是根据第5段的整体内容进行推断。段中指出“这些图书管理员开始从一个村子走到另一个村子，把书借给村民们。他们帮助创办了秘鲁乡村图书馆网络”，所以可以看出，赤脚图书管理员对山村图书馆很重要。答案为D。

二、对文章出处或来源的推测

这类推理判断题的常见提问形式有:

1.The passage is probably taken from.

2.The passage is probably a part of.

3.Where would this passage most probably appear？

【中考真题2】（2015年包头卷，保留原题号）If you are sitting down reading this report，stand up，move your legs and touch your fee t if you can.Do anything but sit.If you cut down on the time you spend sitting，you might live longer.New research shows that sitting less than three hours a day might make your life longer by two years.

The human body is designed to move.But modern lifestyles and office jobs don't give us the chance to move around very often.

63.Where is the passage above probably taken from？

A.A menu in the restaurant.B.A magazine on health.

C.A school textbook.D.A story book.

解析：根据文章的首句及久坐对健康危害的主旨内容，我们不难发现这篇文章可能来自于健康杂志，所以答案选择B。

三、对作者写作目的的推测

根据文章推测作者的写作意图。通常我们不能直接在文中找到作者的陈述，而只能在阅读全文后，通过捕捉关键信息，客观地推断作者的写作意图。这类题的提问方式常有:

1.The writer writes this passage in order to.

2.What is the purpose of writing this article？

3.The writer's purpose of writing this passage is to.

4.The author writes this passage in order to...

5.What can we learn from the passage/story/...？

【中考真题3】（2015年呼和浩特卷，保留原题号）Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you couldn't see.Imagine having to read this page，not with your eyes but with your fingers.How do you feel，then？

With medical know ledge and skills today，two-thirds of the world's 42 million blind people should not have to suffer.Unluckily，rich countries have this know ledge，but developing countries do not.

ORBIS is an international charitable（慈善的）organization.Its goal is to help fight blindness a ll over the world.Inside a DC-8 airplane，there is a teaching hospital with television room and classroom.Doc tors are taught the latest technology of helping the blind get sight again here.ORBIS is always trying to keep a closer relation among countries.

ORBIS helps those developing countries by providing sight-saving training.It has taught over 35，000 doctors and nurses.They continue to treat thousands of blind people every year.They have traveled around the earth 3 times，visited 76 countries and treated over 20，000 blind people.They need your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.

For just$38，you can help one person see；for$380 you can bring sight to 10 people；$1，300 helps train a doc tor new skills；and for$13，000 you can provide a training program for a group o f doc tors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your love can help them open their eyes to the world.

45.The writer writes this passage in order to.

A.introduce an international charitable organization

B.ask people to give the blind a hand

C.tell how you feel if you lose your eyes for a minute

D.explain why ORBIS helps fight blindness

解析：文章第一段让人们闭上眼睛想象自己失明的情况，第二段指出还有不少盲人正在面临困难，第三、四段介绍ORBIS——一个国际慈善机构在关心、帮助盲人方面的一些活动。第五段号召大家为盲人复明治疗募捐。所以我们可以推断，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了呼吁更多的人来帮助盲人，答案为B。

四、对作者观点、态度的判断

通常作者的观点与态度可分为赞同、反对或中立，对文中的人、物或事件等的态度是赞美、同情、冷漠或憎恨。在推理判断的过程中，我们应该特别注意作者在表达观点或进行描述时的措辞，在文中找到关键的语句支撑。这类题的提问方式通常为:

1.What does the writer think o f...？

2.What's the write r's opinion on...？

3.How does the writer fee l about...？

【中考真题4】（2015年温州卷，文章有删减，保留原题号）...A smart home is a home with a communication network.This network connects devices（装置），such as lights and TV sets，and allows them to be controlled from far away through electrical wiring，mobile phone communication or WiFi over the Internet.

More and more people may start to consider owning a smart home，because it makes life much more convenient.It can help keep your room at a certain temperature. It can record w hat happens inside the home and send the video to your phone. When you are on vacation abroad，you can use a smart home controller to switch on or off the electricity when necessary...

However，for home-use rs，the smart home technology is far from perfect.It can be rather expensive to ow n the technology and the devices.Also，because the smart home system（系统）allow its owner to get home information from anywhere，it leaves the home easy to be attacked by hackers（黑客），who may secretly use or change the information in the system.

Now，many scientists are excited at the future of smart home technology. Imagine being able to get fashion advice from your mirror，or receive food shopping suggestions from your refrigerator.While there are others who worry that those smart devices will make people lazier and lonelier.Whatever it is，one thing is for sure-smart home technology will change the way we live and work.

40.What's the writer's opinion according to the passage？

A.People will become less happy in the future.

B.People's life style will be different in the future.

C.Mobile phones are the most important in smart homes.

D.Sm art homes are much better than other smart system s.

解析：由整篇文章的理解，尤其是文章的最后一句话我们可推断出作者对智能家居技术的观点为：它一定会改变我们的生活和工作方式。答案为B。