识别陷阱巧夺高分——阅读理解题的常见命题陷阱

文/唐春吾

识别陷阱巧夺高分
——阅读理解题的常见命题陷阱

文/唐春吾

阅读理解题在考试中占有很大的比重，所以我们常说“得阅读者得天下”。实际上，命题人设计干扰项是有规律可循的。所以，我们除了要努力提升阅读基本功，扫清词句障碍外，还需熟悉常见的命题陷阱，掌握基本的命题思路，把握知己知彼的战斗格局，在备考中少走弯路、提升效率。

总体来看，中考英语阅读理解题的命题陷阱主要有以下几种情况:

一、以偏概全

【陷阱表现】常在文章主旨大意类题目的干扰项中出现。干扰项表现为概括范围太窄或太宽，或者为无关信息。

【破解策略】正确答案需能概括全文主旨大意，内容全面，或升华主题内容。若所给答案仅对其中某一部分内容进行归纳，则需注意识别陷阱。

【中考真题1】（2015年南京卷，保留原题号）Nowadays，the food that you buy comes from many different countries.Have a look in your fridge，cupboard，and fruit bow l and check the origins（来源）of the food.Perhaps there are apples from California，lamb from New Zealand，or potatoes from Egypt.You will probably be surprised how far food travels to get to your p late.This journey，from“field to plate”，is called“food miles”.A food mile is the distance that food travels from the farmer's field to the person who buys the food.Nowadays，food often travels thousands of miles to get to the consumer（消费者）.Why is this，and what are the effects（影响）of these long distances？

Traditionally，farmers sold their food in the local market so the food didn't have to travel very far.The consumers also did not travel very far，because they went to their local market to buy the food.This was a good system for farmers and consumers.How ever，the re were some disadvantages.For example，consumers could only buy food that farmers produced locally.In addition，they could only get food that was in season.Now，because of modern technology，food com es from a ll over the world.We do not have to wait for spring or summer to buy straw berries or tomatoes.They are available in winter if we want.

Some countries have to import（进口）most of their food.This is because they have difficult climates.The United Arab Emirates（UAE），for example，gets 85%of its food from other countries.Even food made in the UAE often uses imported materials.

What's wrong with“food miles”？Is this not a good way of increasing international trade？I believe these miles are worrying for a number of reasons. First of all，because food travels such long distances，we need more planes，lorries，and ships to move the food.This means we use more oil or petrol，so there is more pollution and more global（全球的）warming.In addition，food that travels a long way is not fresh and usually not very tasty.Tomatoes，for example，are picked early and stored for their long journey.For this reason，they are usually taste less when they get to the consumer.Local food has a better taste，and it also reduces the amount of global pollution.We need to buy more local food.

40.Th is passage is mainly about.

A.how local food travels from field to p late

B.what“food miles”is and its effects

C.how some countries import their food

D.where different kinds of food come from

解析：这是一篇说明文，文章主旨大意为讲述food miles的定义、由来及其带来的影响，所以答案为B。文章中确实有涉及A、C、D三个方面的内容，但并非主要讲述的内容，干扰项设置的方法均为以偏概全。

二、偷梁换柱

【陷阱表现】所给选项的绝大部分内容与原文一致，但其中有部分内容被替换了。

【破解策略】仔细比较所给选项与原文内容，为避免漏洞，画出原文中的语句并标出不同之处。

【中考真题2】（2015年河南卷，保留原题号）There is little doubt that house cats first developed naturally from ancient wild cats.The closest relative is the African wild cat which still lives in Africa today.This is understandable because the first house cats came from Africa.

Cats firs t started to live around people in Egypt about 6，000—7，000 years ago.①From Egypt，cats started to move around the world.This is about the same time that Egyptians began storing grain（谷物）in buildings.Scientists used to believe that people tamed cats to catch mice and protect the grain.How ever，cats don't like to be told what to do！Now，Scientists believe that cats followed the mice and learned to accept people.Finally，some of the cats began to grow comfortable around people. These were smaller cats that needed protection.As these cats and people got used to each other，then they moved in together.Around 5，000 years ago，cats started to live with people.

Soon cats were in Greece，then the Middle East and China.They moved along Egyptian business roads keeping away mice and keeping people around them.After the Romans came to Egypt，they also accepted the cats and brought them to Europe. These cats likely bred（繁殖）with other cats to form the many kinds o f house cats we have today.

Cats are relatively recent house animals.②House cats still have a lot in comm on with their wild relatives.③Cats sleep a lot to save energy just like wild cats.They w ill often get food at night as w ell.House cats are generally peaceful and friendly，but be careful！If a cat fee ls it is in danger，it w ill fight back―just like a wild cat！

53.According to the text，which of the following is true？

A.Cats started to move around the world from China.

B.Cats get food at night to save energy like wild cats.

C.Cats have little in common with their wild relatives.

D.Cats were accepted and brought to Europe by Romans.

解析：文中第①句为干扰项A的来源句，但原句中的起源地被替换成了China，第③句为干扰项B的来源句，但原文中sleep a lot to save energy被替换成了get food at night，第②句为干扰项C的来源句，但原文中have a lot in common被替换成了have little in common，所以不正确。正确答案为D，原文信息为波浪线画线部分。

三、无中生有

【陷阱表现】干扰项信息在文中根本没有出现过，这种情况既有干扰项的内容完全为杜撰的，也有少量信息为杜撰的导致答案错误。

【破解策略】务必在阅读理解文章中去寻找所给选项内容存在的依据并仔细对比，确保答案所述内容与原文没有意义上的出入。

【中考真题3】（2015年陕西卷，有删节，保留原题号）Edinburgh International Book Festival ...Kids also like it because they can listen to stories and watch artists draw pictures of the stories.

45.Kids like the Edinburgh International Book Festival because they can watch artists draw their favorite pictures.

解析：通过比对原文与第45题的内容，不难发现their favorite为命题者无中生有弄出来的干扰内容，文中并没有提艺术家们所画的是否为他们最喜欢的画，与原文不符。

四、张冠李戴

【陷阱表现】本来该句大意为讲述A的情况，但在干扰项中却被用于描述B。

【破解策略】仔细阅读并比较原文和选项，将所有选项涉及的内容在原文中标记出来，以防不细致比对而导致失误。

【中考真题4】（2015年苏州卷，保留原题号）...A few of you asked whether the French really eat snails（蜗牛）.The answer is yes.We went out to dinner the other day，and our parents ordered some.We each tried one and it didn't taste too bad. The snails，called escargots，are served with lots of butter.They fee l a little rubbery when you bite into them，but they don't really have much taste.Mum's favorite food here is the French pastries.Dad loves the red wine.Our favorite is the fresh b read from the shop down the street...

30.Jack's favorite food in France is

A.tasty snails B.French pastries C.fresh bread D.red wine

解析：文中列举了一系列的食物，而这正是命题者用于设置干扰项的来源。tasty snails为法国人吃的食物，French pastries为作者的妈妈最喜欢的食物，red wine为作者的父亲最喜欢的食物，若不注意这些食物的主语，很容易错选答案。文中提到作者和他父母都喜欢的食物为fresh bread，所以正确答案为C。

五、形近障目

【陷阱表现】因选项中的词或表述与原文有较大的相似性而容易让人迷惑。

【破解策略】选项阅读需细致，并细致揣摩、比对原文与选项，确定语意的异同。

【中考真题5】（2015年河南卷，保留原题号）...The king called all his falconers together and ordered them to try every way they could to make the other falcon fly.But none of them succeeded.One day，while the king was taking a walk in the forest，an idea came to his mind.Maybe someone who knew the natural environment well could solve this problem.He sent for a farmer who lived in the forest into his palace to train it at once.

46.What did the king do after he got two falcons？

A.He kept them on the branch of a tree.

B.He sent them to a farmer in the forest.

C.He made the best falconer train them to fly.

D.He set them free and let them fly in the sky.

解析：此题答案为C，其中B项为形近障目的干扰项。原文中最后一句话He sent for a farmer who lived in the forest...意为“他派人去请来一个住在森林里的农夫”，而B选项意思则被更改为“他把它们送给了森林里的一个农民”。解题时如果不注意send...to...与send for sb.之间的区别，我们就很容易落入命题者的陷阱。