袁驰,柯永胜
(皖南医学院弋矶山医院心血管内科,安徽芜湖241000)
慢性完全闭塞性病变PCI血运重建的合理性
袁驰,柯永胜*
(皖南医学院弋矶山医院心血管内科,安徽芜湖241000)
摘要慢性完全闭塞性病变( chronic total occlusions,CTO)在行冠状动脉造影的患者中非常普遍。观察性的研究显示,成功开通CTO可以改善患者生活质量,提升心血管病患者临床预后。但由于缺乏随机试验,其临床获益仍然存在争论。最新的欧洲心脏病协会指南仍然将CTO患者行PCI治疗推荐为Ⅱa类( B级证据)。
关键词慢性完全闭塞性病变; PCI;临床结局;生活质量
慢性完全闭塞性病变( chronic total occlusion,CTO)被定义为冠状动脉闭塞血管段前向血流TIMI 0级,且闭塞时间至少3个月。CTO在行冠状动脉造影的患者中非常普遍,其发生率可达18%~52%[1]。尽管有几个观察性的研究显示,成功开通CTO可以改善患者生活质量( quality of life,QOL)[2-3],提升心血管病患者临床预后[4]。但由于缺乏随机试验,其临床获益仍然存在争论。在CTO患者中,冠状动脉造影时往往可见良好的侧支循环,临床症状也是不典型的[5]。此外,由于在设备和技术层面有了可观的发展,一些从事介入学的学者对于CTO产生了浓厚的兴趣。甚至在处理一些极为复杂的病例时,一些有经验的术者已经显著提高血管开通率以及减少手术并发症发生率[6]。尽管如此,最新的欧洲心脏病协会指南仍然将CTO患者行经皮冠状动脉介入( PCI)治疗推荐为Ⅱa类( B级证据),以便相应减少缺血心肌面积和缓解心绞痛症状[7]。本文就血运重建后的临床结局以及患者的QOL作一综述。
对于合并有ST段抬高型心肌梗死的CTO患者,其行急诊PCI将会有更糟糕的早期和晚期的临床结局[8]。类似地,在合并非ST段抬高型心肌梗死时,Gierlotka等[9]研究显示其之后随访的1年内死亡率将更高。Nakamura等[10]对180例CTO患者进行6个月的随访,成功进行药物洗脱支架植入的患者可提高左室射血分数。Cheng等[11]对40例进行血运重建的患者进行了半年的随访,成功开通血管可明显增加心肌血流量。另外,Cetin等[12]对114例成功开通血管的CTO患者其24~48 h后恶性心律失常明显减少。目前关于CTO的相关PCI技术已取得巨大进展,一些专家通过正向途径和逆向途径已经获得了很高的开通成功率。Werner等[13]指出,在非CTO和CTO中,两者之间的并发症差异并无统计学意义。有报道指出行PCI治疗的CTO患者会有更高的住院负性事件,且与正向途径相比,逆向途径可能会引起冠状动脉穿孔和非Q波型心肌梗死[5]。近来,日本的JCTO注册研究利用J-CTO评分预测30 min内导丝能否通过病变处。Galassi等[14]认为当J-CTO积分≥3分时,利用逆向途径可能会带来更糟糕的远期预后。
一些学者认为有良好侧支循环的的CTO患者无需行PCI治疗。事实上,尽管良好的侧支循环可以提高生存率,但其只能为心室提供5%的血供[15]。Sachdeva等[16]发现CTO病变的侧支循环中,有75%的患者血管远近端的压力比<0.8。Jang等[17]最近将侧支循环为3级的2 024例CTO患者随机分组,试验组行PCI或冠状动脉旁路移植术( coronary bypass grafts,CABG),对照组行单纯药物治疗,进行为期42个月的随访,结果试验组心源性猝死( 9% vs 9.3%,P = 0.02),主要心血管事件( 10.7% vs 24.7%,P = 0.01),全因死亡率( 7.4% vs 18.1%,P<0.01)均明显减少。
与处理急性冠状动脉综合征( acute coronary syndrome,ACS)一样,能否成功开通CTO病变血管高度依赖于术者的经验。事实上,经过经验丰富的术者之手,无论是否为CTO,其临床结局相差无几。然而开通失败的CTO患者将有更恶劣的心血管预后[14]。Joyal等[18]的研究显示血运重建的CTO患者将有更多的生存获益,减少CABG可能,缓解心绞痛。对于多支血管病变的患者,完全开通血管与非完全开通血管相比,前者将会有更多的生存获益。
闭塞动脉试验( Occluded Artery Trial,OAT)研究的阴性结果经常被引用来反对CTO行PCI治疗[19]。可是,OAT研究的入选对象没有剔除合并ACS的CTO患者。因此,OAT研究的结果不能应用于判断CTO病变是否应行PCI。
评价冠心病患者血运重建获益的重要手段是QOL的评估,尤其是西雅图心绞痛量表( Seattle Angina Questionnaire,SAQ),其评价标准包括以下5个方面:体力活动的限制程度、心绞痛的稳定性、心绞痛的发作频率、对疾病的认知以及对心绞痛发作时的治疗措施满意程度[20]。Borgia等[21]对380例接受PCI的CTO患者进行为期4年的随访,其中包括手术失败的78例。其结果显示手术成功组患者的体力活动受限程度明显较轻,对心绞痛发作时的治疗措施也较为满意。Safley等[2]将来自10个中心的1 616例非CTO接受PCI患者和147例CTO接受PCI患者,比较其QOL指数,尽管CTO组的手术成功率稍低( 85% vs 98%),但2组在接受PCI治疗后的半年里,其SAQ积分都有所增加。Wijeysundera等[3]将接受冠状动脉造影证实为CTO的患者分为血运重建组和单纯药物治疗组,后者的SAQ积分无明显变化,但前者QOL得到明显改善。但是SAQ基本都为患者的主观症状,现有可利用的工具对CTO患者的QOL评估仍然存在不足之处。所以评估工具仍需细化、完善。
CTO患者都有保留较好的左室功能,且完全闭塞血管所支配的区域在多于80%的患者中不出现病理性Q波,这也表明有存活心肌[22]。尽管侧支循环可能会阻止心肌梗死的发生,但其在狭窄95%的血管所支配的心肌区域,并不能满足运动增加时的心肌耗氧,这就促成了心绞痛症状以及运动储备的减少。在CTO患者中,是否行血运重建应依照以下三步:评估症状,评估心肌缺血负担和论证其可行性[23]。CTO有时表现出非典型症状,气短和运动受限比典型心绞痛更常见。Grantham等[24]指出CTO血运重建对心绞痛的改善,QOL的提高只能在典型症状的患者中常见。Galassi等[25]通过扫描心肌的方法,观察到与正常心肌相比,非血运重建的CTO心肌灌注量严重不足。Safley等[26]证实心肌缺血负担为12.5%是最佳界点,这些CTO患者行PCI术后心肌缺血负担将明显减轻。相反地,如果心肌缺血负担小于6.25%,开通血管可能会使缺血负担加重。这也就表明此时保守策略可能是合适的处理方法。Gerber等[27]指出,合并有左心功能不全的患者,与单纯药物治疗相比,行血运重建( PCI或CABG)将增加3年生存期。Kirschbaum等[28]发现,通过心脏MRI成像,CTO病变血管所支配区域的心肌运动早期和晚期的改善与梗死的透壁程度有关。他们同时也报道了利用MRI来评估CTO患者行PCI血运重建的获益会更好。
虽然对于有经验的术者来说,CTO病变与非CTO病变手术的成功率相差无几,但是高额的手术耗材费,患者和医生接受的放射剂量大成为其发展的障碍。在SYNTAX试验中,接近1/3的CTO患者,本应接受PCI治疗而实际却没有[29]。此外,静脉桥血管1年内的闭塞率也很高[30]。因此我们认为CTO患者行CABG的临床结局会比PCI好。尽管有大于20 000个样本的观察性数据以及稳定上升的血管开通率支持CTO应行PCI术,但需要有随机试验来证明其合理性,目前至少有3项随机试验正在进行:由欧洲CTO俱乐部主持的EURO-CTO试验,比较为期1年纯粹药物强化治疗和行PCI治疗的患者,运用标准化的量表来评估2组的QOL指数;为期3年的临床终点来评估不同介入途径的安全性也在进行中。另外一个来自韩国的团队将具有稳定型心绞痛的CTO患者随机分为PCI组和药物治疗组( DECISION-CTO),进行为期5年的随访,用来评价行介入对心源性死亡和心肌梗死的影响。正在进行的EXPLORE试验是一项临床随机试验,入选因ST段抬高型心肌梗死而行急诊PCI的300例患者,随机分为7 d内行非梗死相关血管的CTO经PCI血运重建组和标准化药物治疗组,该试验的主要终点是利用MRI测量左室射血分数值和左室内径。该试验入组已完成,结果有望在近期公布。
尽管几个观察性的研究已经显示出CTO行PCI治疗会提升心血管结局和改善QOL,但其远期预后仍然存在争论。因此,与非CTO相比,当前指南对CTO经PCI血运重建并非为首选推荐。此外由于精致设备的发展以及不同介入中心的血管开通成功率在提升,加上随机试验的预期结果,很有希望会消除人们对CTO行PCI的效率和安全性的怀疑,从而扩大其适应证。当然,患者的合理选择和术者的经验仍然是保证手术安全和最佳临床结局的关键因素。
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(文敏编辑)
The Rationality of PCI for Revascularization in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion
YUAN Chi,KE Yongsheng*
( Department of Cardiology,Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241000,China)
AbstractChronic total occlusion ( CTO) are commonly encountered in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Several observational studies have demonstrated that successful CTO revascularization is associated with better cardiovascular outcomes and enhanced quality of life.However,in the absence of randomized trials,its prognostic benefit for patients remains debated.The new guideline of the European Society of Cardiology will still be assigned a classⅡa ( level of evidence B) recommendation for patients with CTO undergo PCI.
Key wordschronic total occlusions; PCI; clinical outcome; quality of life
收稿日期2015-11-10
通讯作者柯永胜( 1962—),男(汉),主任医师,教授,硕士研究生导师.研究方向:冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的介入诊治.E-mail: keyongsheng@ 163.com
doi:10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2016.01.014
中图分类号R541.4
文献标识码A
文章编号1008-2344( 2016) 01-0037-04