程军
摘 要 据统计,超过半数的高血压患者合并脂代谢异常,两者并存时,冠心病的发病和死亡风险显著增加。不同降压药物对脂代谢的影响不尽相同。肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)在体内广泛分布,在血压调节、水电解质平衡及糖脂代谢等诸多方面发挥重要作用。RAS抑制剂(RASI)在有效降压的同时,在一定程度上对高血压患者的脂代谢具有改善作用。本文拟从RAS系统与脂代谢的相互作用以及RASI对高血压患者脂代谢的改善作用两个方面进行综述。
关键词 高血压 脂代谢 肾素-血管紧张素系统抑制剂
中图分类号:R972.4; R544.1; R543.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2016)03-0035-06
Effect of the inhibitors of renin-angiotensin system on the lipid metabolism of patients with hypertension
CHENG Jun*
(Kidney Disease Center , The First Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China)
ABSTRACT Current data show that over half of hypertensive patients have lipid metabolic abnormalities. Coexistence of hypertension and lipid metabolic abnormality may significantly increase the morbidity and mortality of coronary heart disease. Effects of different kinds of antihypertensive agents on lipid metabolism vary. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), widely distributed in human body, plays an important role in regulation of blood pressure, water-electrolyte balance as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. RAS inhibitors (RASI) can also improve lipid metabolism in hypertensive patients besides the effective reduction of blood pressure. This article reviews the interaction of RAS system and lipid metabolism and the improvement of lipid metabolism by RASI in hypertensive patients.
KEY WORDS hypertension; lipid metabolism; renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
高血压患者合并脂代谢异常,可表现为总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)升高,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低。CONSIDER研究显示,高血压患者合并脂代谢异常比例为61.5%,在脂代谢异常患者中,50%患有高血压[1]。高血压和脂代谢异常均是重要的心血管危险因素,两者并存时,冠心病的发病和死亡风险明显升高[2-3]。为最大程度减少心血管终点事件风险,应对各种危险因素实施综合管理,当为合并脂代谢异常的高血压患者选择降压药物时,需充分考虑降压药物对脂代谢的影响。
1 RAS激活与脂代谢异常的相互影响
肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)在体内广泛分布,在血压调节、水电解质平衡及糖脂代谢等诸多方面发挥重要作用。RAS激活与胰岛素抵抗及糖脂代谢异常相互作用,促进粥样硬化性疾病的发生和发展。
1.1 胆固醇对RAS的影响
早期研究发现高胆固醇血症中LDL-C可增加血管平滑肌细胞血管紧张素II受体I型(angiotensin II type 1 receptor,AT1R)的基因表达[4] ,并且氧化的低密度脂蛋白也可以增加人冠状动脉内皮细胞AT1R的表达[5]。后续研究表明,高胆固醇血症可使家兔主动脉AT1R表达增加,使血管紧张素II(angiotensin II,ANG II)收缩血管的作用增强[6]。与给予标准饮食的C57BL/6小鼠相比,低密度脂蛋白受体缺乏(LDLR -/-)的小鼠经高脂和高胆固醇饮食后,血浆血管紧张素(angiotensin,AGT)和ANG II浓度显著升高[7]。血脂指标的改善可以缓解RAS在血管疾病中的影响,HDL-C可预防糖尿病所致的大鼠主动脉AT1R的表达增加[8]。
大脑胆固醇代谢的改变与大脑RAS的调控存在一定联系。研究表明,在大鼠原代神经元中,27-羟基胆固醇和24S-羟基胆固醇可通过肝脏X b受体(liver X receptor b,LXR-b)下调AGT、血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)和AT1R[9]。此外,高胆固醇饮食的大鼠大脑ACE和AGT表达增加[9]。与血浆胆固醇水平相关的胆固醇代谢物可致大脑RAS激活以及代谢综合征中的高血压。
胆固醇和/或其代谢产物激活RAS的机制尚不清楚,但可能涉及LXR或其他脂质传感核受体。然而,就LXR来说,LDLR- /-或载脂蛋白E缺乏(ApoE -/-)的小鼠给予LXR配体可显著降低动脉粥样硬化病变的形成[10],LXR配体激活RAS的能力并不与这些化合物对抗动脉粥样硬化的属性一致。目前尚需进一步研究来明确胆固醇和/或胆固醇代谢物调控RAS的机制。
1.2 RAS激活对胆固醇的影响
ANG II对胆固醇代谢产生一定的影响。AT1R缺乏的LDLR-/-小鼠血浆ANG II浓度较高,RAS激活促进LDL-C导致动脉粥样硬化[7];但是血清胆固醇没有因为AT1aR 缺乏而发生明显改变,随后的研究发现,给ApoE -/-或LDLR- /-的小鼠注射ANG II并不明显影响血清胆固醇[11]或脂蛋白胆固醇分布[12],这表明RAS对胆固醇浓度和分布的直接影响相对有限。
其他数据显示的ANG II促进动脉粥样硬化的作用是因为其对胆固醇修饰和泡沫细胞形成的影响,而不必直接影响血清胆固醇浓度。已经证实在原代培养的人单核巨噬细胞中,ANG II可下调酰基辅酶A(acyl coenzyme A,Acyl-CoA)的表达,这可能增加动脉粥样硬化病变的胆固醇含量[13]。几项研究已经报道,在巨噬细胞系小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中,ANG II可能通过激活NADPH氧化酶而增加低密度脂蛋白的氧化[14-15]。值得注意的是,注射了ANG II的ApoE-/-小鼠给予他汀类药物可降低动脉粥样硬化[16]。他汀类药物减少ANG II诱导的动脉粥样硬化的能力独立于血清胆固醇浓度。ANG II可影响胆固醇致动脉粥样硬化的特性而不一定必然改变其在血液中的浓度。大多数研究RASI影响血脂异常的临床试验主要量化了LDL、HDL和TGs的血液浓度,而不是可促进动脉粥样硬化形成的胆固醇代谢产物(如氧化的低密度脂蛋白)。因此,血脂水平可能并不是衡量RASI对抗脂代谢异常最重要的直接指标。
1.3 RAS激活与胰岛素抵抗
ANG II是RAS的主要效应分子,可调节胰岛素的生物学功能,其机制主要有:① ANG II和胰岛素有一段共同的细胞信号转导途径,即激活磷酯酰肌醇-3-羟激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase,PI3K)。胰岛素经其受体介导PI3K途径激活,而ANG II却抑制PI3K途径。因此,RAS激活可抑制胰岛素通过PI3K途径介导的葡萄糖转运、糖原合成和脂质代谢,引起胰岛素抵抗。②ANG II抑制脂肪形成,过多的TG不能在脂肪中贮存,而沉积在肝脏、肌肉等胰岛素敏感组织,从而促进外周胰岛素抵抗的发生。
RAS激活引起的胰岛素抵抗可进一步导致脂代谢异常。胰岛素抵抗时,脂肪组织中的激素敏感性TG脂肪酶的活性增加,促进脂肪分解,引起血液中游离脂肪酸升高;胰岛素抵抗还可导致继发性高胰岛素血症,抑制脂肪酸的合成,使肝脂释放减少,肝脏发生脂肪蓄积。同时,胰岛素抵抗时,极低密度脂蛋白合成和释放增多,使LDL、TG生成增加[17]。
2 RASI改善高血压患者脂代谢
2.1 不同降压药物对高血压患者脂代谢的不同影响
利尿剂、钙通道拮抗剂(calcium channel antagonist,CCB)、b-受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEIs)和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor II blocker,ARB)均为常用降压药物[18]。这些药物对于合并不同临床情况的高血压患者有不同的应用。不同类别的降压药物,对脂代谢的影响不尽相同(表1)。噻嗪类利尿剂可引起TC、TG、LDL-C升高。袢利尿剂同样可干扰糖脂代谢。氨苯蝶啶和螺内酯则对脂代谢无明显影响。利尿剂对脂质代谢的不利影响,可能与糖皮质激素、生长激素、儿茶酚胺等的反调节使激素分泌增多,进而使TC、LDL-C及TG合成增多有关。非选择性b-受体阻滞剂可使血清LDL-C、TG升高、HDL-C降低,对TC作用甚微。选择性b-受体阻滞剂对血脂影响不明显[19]。不同b-受体阻滞剂对脂代谢的不同影响,可能与其对血浆脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)活性的抑制作用强弱有关[20]。CCB对脂代谢的影响存在争议。有研究发现 CCB可改善脂代谢,使HDL升高,TG降低[21],而亦有研究提示CCB可升高TG和TC水平。其机制可能与抑制脂肪酶和脂肪动员有关。ACEI可抑制ANG II的合成,ARB可削弱ANG II的作用。RASI可促进胰岛素介导的葡萄糖转运和代谢,改善胰岛素抵抗,增强胰岛素敏感性,进而改善糖脂代谢,表现为TG、TC及LDL-C降低和HDL-C升高[22]。
2.2 RASI对高血压患者脂代谢的影响
2013 ESH/ESC高血压指南、2014日本高血压指南以及2010中国高血压防治指南均推荐RASI为血脂/代谢异常患者的优选降压药[23-25]。
研究表明,ACEI和ARB可削弱ANGⅡ的促脂作用,减小脂肪细胞的体积,增加胰岛素敏感性。ACEI及ARB对高血压患者脂代谢影响的有关研究见表2。ACEI既可抑制ANGⅡ的生成[26],也可抑制激肽酶Ⅱ,使缓激肽水平升高[27],改善胰岛素敏感性。ARB可使胰岛素抵抗的肥胖小鼠TG和非酯化脂肪酸水平降低[28]。较早被发现具有改善胰岛素抵抗作用的ARB有替米沙坦和厄贝沙坦,因其可激活PPAR-g系统[29]。然而,后有研究提示,缬沙坦(不激活PPAR-g)与替米沙坦(激活PPAR-g)对胰岛素敏感性的改善作用相似,PPAR-g介导的刺激在替米沙坦改善胰岛素敏感性方面仅发挥很小的作用[30]。Meta分析结果显示,与CCB相比,ARB(包括缬沙坦、氯沙坦和替米沙坦)能显著改善非糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗[31]。LIFE[32]和VALUE [33]的结果也提示,ARB可能通过改善胰岛素抵抗在代谢方面发挥有益作用,其可能机制是ARB通过阻断AT1受体而改善内皮功能,抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,提高组织对胰岛素的敏感性。
陈源源等[34]研究发现,培哚普利可使原发性高血压患者的胆固醇、TG、LDL降低,而HDL升高。王秀英等[35]的结果亦发现卡托普利能降低高血压患者的胆固醇、TG、LDL以及载脂蛋白B,并升高HDL和载脂蛋白A,而这一结果在研究间并不一致[36]。
Hanefeld等[37]在缬沙坦治疗高血压合并血脂异常患者的多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验中发现,缬沙坦在有效降压的同时,可以改善高血压患者脂代谢指标LDL-C和TC。另有在高血压人群比较6种不同ARB类药物的研究发现,ARB总体对TC、LDL-C、HDL-C及TG等脂代谢指标具有改善作用,而不同ARB在降压作用相似的情况下,对各脂代谢指标的改善作用不尽相同,伊普罗沙坦和替米沙坦对多个指标的改善作用未见统计学意义,而缬沙坦和氯沙坦在各项指标的改善方面均具有统计学意义[38]。
综上,高血压合并脂代谢异常的患者其冠心病发病和死亡风险明显增加,应尽早全面干预。RASI在改善高血压患者脂代谢方面较其他类别降压药物具有优势,并被国内外高血压管理指南推荐用于高血压合并代谢综合征/高脂血症。在该类患者合理规范应用RASI有望在降压的同时促进其他代谢危险因素的改善,进而最大程度地降低心血管事件风险。
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