向阳红 侯 聪
中医对血管神经性头痛辨证治疗的研究
向阳红 侯 聪△
目的 从中医基础理论角度,探索血管神经性头痛的病因病机、分型论治的临床意义。方法 根据中医整体观念及辨证施治原理,分析血管神经性头痛的病因病机,论述各型的临床表现,提出不同的治法及遣方用药。结果 肝阳头痛型因肝阳偏亢,生风化火所致,治宜平肝潜阳熄风,常用方剂为天麻钩藤饮、镇肝熄风汤、龙胆泻肝汤等加减化裁;血虚头痛型因气血不足,不能上荣,脑窍失养导致,治宜养血滋阴,和络止痛,常用方剂为四物汤、八珍汤、归脾汤等加减化裁;痰浊头痛型因脾失健运,痰浊中阻,上蒙清窍所致,治宜健脾燥湿,化痰降逆,常用方剂为半夏白术天麻汤、导痰汤等加减化裁;肾虚头痛型因肾精亏虚,髓海不足,脑窍失荣所致,治宜养阴补肾,填精生髓,常用方剂为大补元煎、六味地黄丸、知柏地黄丸、左归丸、肾气丸、右归丸等加减化裁;瘀血头痛型因瘀血阻窍,络脉滞涩,气机郁滞所致,治宜活血化瘀,通窍止痛,常用方剂为通窍活血汤、血府逐瘀汤、身痛逐瘀汤等加减化裁。结论 中医对血管神经性头痛的治疗疗效肯定,值得临床推广与应用。
血管神经性头痛;辨证施治;遣方用药
血管神经性头痛又称偏头痛,是头颅部血管神经调节障碍导致的一种反复发作性头痛,因体位改变、用力、咳嗽、受寒热刺激、情绪变化等原因,均可引起头痛加重,临床以一侧或者两侧阵发性剧烈头痛,伴有视物模糊、恶心呕吐为特征[1~4]。具有病程长、反复发作的特点,临床治疗比较棘手。属中医 “头风”“头痛”“偏头痛”等范畴。目前西医对本病治疗效果尚不满意,而中医药对本病的治疗有较好疗效。
头为诸阳之会,清阳之府,位于身体之上最高处,凡六淫之邪外袭,上犯巅顶,阻遏清阳,或痰浊、瘀血阻于经络,或肝阴不足,肝阳偏亢,或气虚清阳不升,或血虚清窍失养,或肾精不足,髓海空虚等内伤诸疾,均可导致阴阳失调,气血逆乱,瘀阻经络,脑失所养而致头痛[5~7]。苗凌娜[8]学者认为本病主要由于感受风邪、情志内伤、饮食不节、忧思劳累、久病致瘀、肝脾肾等各脏腑功能失调,风袭脑络,风阳内动,痰浊阻滞,瘀血阻络所导致。风、痰、瘀、虚是导致头痛发作的重要原因,瘀是病理基础,风邪是起病的诱因。
血管神经性头痛的治疗,重在辨证施治,根据其特点,临床上分为肝阳头痛、血虚头痛、痰浊头痛、肾虚头痛、瘀血头痛五个常见类型。
2.1 肝阳头痛型 忧思恼怒,情志不畅,肝失条达,气郁阳亢,或肝郁化火,阳亢火生,上扰清窍,发为头痛,或肝火郁久,耗伤阴血,肝肾亏虚,精血不承,也可引发头痛。临床常见头昏胀痛,以两侧为重,心烦易怒,夜寐不安,口苦,面红,或有胁痛,舌红苔黄,脉弦数。肝阳偏亢,风阳上扰,故头昏胀痛;肝阳有余,化热扰心,故心烦易怒,夜寐不安。证属肝阳偏亢,生风化火。予以平肝潜阳熄风。常用方剂为天麻钩藤饮、镇肝熄风汤、龙胆泻肝汤等加减化裁;常用药物有天麻、钩藤、石决明、黄芩、栀子、牡丹皮、桑寄生、杜仲、牛膝、益母草、白芍、夜交藤、夏枯草、龙胆草、大黄、枸杞子、山茱萸等。
2.2 血虚头痛型 脾胃为后天之本,气血生化之源。若脾胃虚弱,气血生化之源不足,或病后正气受损,营血不足,不能上荣脑窍,导致头痛。临床常见头痛隐隐,时时昏晕,面色无华,心悸,失眠,神疲乏力,劳累后加重,舌质淡,苔薄白,脉细弱。血虚则头窍失养,故见头痛头晕;心主血藏神,血虚则心神失养,故见心悸,失眠。证属气血不足,不能上荣,脑窍失养。予以养血滋阴,和络止痛。常用方剂为四物汤、八珍汤、归脾汤等加减化裁;常用药物有当归、生地黄、白芍、党参、黄芪、白术、川芎、菊花、蔓荆子、五味子、远志、酸枣仁、天麻、钩藤、石决明等。
2.3 痰浊头痛型 因饮食不节,嗜酒过量,或者过食辛辣肥甘,脾失健运,痰湿内生,阻遏清阳,上蒙清窍,导致痰浊头痛。临床表现常见头痛昏蒙,胸脘满闷,纳呆,呕恶,舌苔白腻,脉滑或者弦滑。风痰上扰,蒙蔽清阳,故头痛昏蒙;痰阻气滞,升降失司,故胸脘满闷,纳呆,呕恶。证属脾失健运,痰浊中阻,上蒙清窍。予以健脾燥湿,化痰降逆。常用方剂为半夏白术天麻汤、导痰汤等加减化裁;常用药物有半夏、白术、陈皮、茯苓、天麻、白蒺藜、蔓荆子、枳实、竹茹、天南星、胆南星、枳壳、厚朴、生姜等。
2.4 肾虚头痛型 肾主骨生髓,髓上通与脑,脑髓有赖于肾精的不断生化。禀赋不足,或者房劳过度,致肾精久亏,脑髓空虚,导致肾虚头痛。临床表现常见头痛且空,腰膝酸软,眩晕耳鸣,神疲乏力,滑精,带下,舌红少苔,脉细无力。肾藏精,主骨生髓,肾精亏损,髓海不足,脑窍失养,故头痛且空,腰膝酸软,眩晕耳鸣。证属肾精亏虚,髓海不足,脑窍失荣。予以养阴补肾,填精生髓。常用方剂为大补元煎、六味地黄丸、知柏地黄丸、左归丸、肾气丸、右归丸等加减化裁;常用药物有熟地黄、枸杞子、山药、山萸肉、人参、杜仲、川续断、女贞子、当归、白芍、龟甲、升麻、鹿角胶、知母、黄柏等。
2.5 瘀血头痛型 头部外伤,或者久病入络,气血凝滞,脉络不通,导致瘀血头痛。临床表现常见头痛经久不愈,痛处固定不移,痛如针刺,或有头痛外伤史,舌紫暗或有瘀斑、瘀点,苔薄白,脉细或者细涩。血瘀头部,气机阻滞,清阳郁遏不升,故见头痛经久不愈,痛处固定不移,痛如针刺。证属瘀血阻窍,络脉滞涩,气机郁滞。予以活血化瘀,通窍止痛。常用方剂为通窍活血汤、血府逐瘀汤、身痛逐瘀汤等加减化裁;常用药物有川芎、当归、赤芍、桃仁、益母草、白芷、细辛、藁本、蜈蚣、全蝎、地鳖虫、红花、麝香、老葱、生姜、牛膝、桔梗、枳壳、柴胡、甘草等。
张某,男,49岁。患者主诉头痛15年余,经常发作,发则头痛难忍,伴有恶心呕吐,常因过劳、受寒或情绪郁怒而诱发。西医诊断为血管神经性头痛。本次发病因用脑太过,气候严寒而发,见头痛经久不愈,痛处固定不移,痛如针刺,舌紫暗,边有瘀点,苔薄白,脉细涩。中医诊断为:瘀血阻窍,络脉滞涩,气机郁滞。治法:活血化瘀,通窍止痛。方选通窍活血汤加减化裁。药用:川芎20 g,当归15 g,赤芍10 g,桃仁10 g,红花10 g,益母草15 g,细辛8 g,藁本10 g,蜈蚣(研末冲服)1条,全蝎(研末冲服)1条,老葱10 g,生姜15 g,牛膝10 g,桔梗10 g,枳壳10 g,甘草10 g。每日1剂,水煎,分2次服。随症加减,续服8剂,诸症消失。
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Research on TCM Syndrome Differentiation in the Treatment of of Vascular Nerve Headache
XIANG Yanghong HONG Cong
(Department of Gynecology of TCM, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400020, China)
Objective To explore the clinical significance of the etiology and pathogenesis, classification and treatment of vascular nerve headache from the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods According to the concept of holisms of traditional Chinese medicine and syndrome differentiation theory, we analyzed the etiology and pathogenesis of neurovascular headache, discussed various types of clinical manifestations of this different treatment and herbal prescription. Results The liver yang headache is due to hyperactivity of liver yang, and the common prescription is Tianma Gouteng decoction, Zhengan Xifeng decoction and modified Longdan Xiegan decoction. The blood deficiency headache type is due to deficiency of qi and blood and brain malnutrition, treatment should be nourishing blood and yin, and the commonly used prescriptions is Siwu decoction, Bazhen decoction and modified Guipi decoction. The phlegm type headache is due to dysfunction of spleen in transportation and turbid phlegm, the appropriate treatment is strengthening spleen, resolving phlegm for lowering adverse qi, and prescriptions are Banxia Baizhu Tianma decoction and modified Daotan decoction. The nephrasthenia headache type is due to deficiency of the kidney and deficiency of marrow-reservoir, the treatment should be nourishing yin and kidney, replenishing marrow-reservoir, prescriptions are Dabuyuan decoction, Liuwei Dihuang pill, Zhibai Dihuang pill, Zuogui pill and Yougui pill, Shenqi pill, etc. The blood stasis headache type is due to blood stasis, collaterals stagnation, qi stagnation, the appropriate treatment is promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, and the commonly used formula are Tongqiao Huoxue decoction, Xuefu Zhuyu decoction and modified Shentong Zhuyu decoction. Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of vascular nerve headache has definite curative effect, and it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.
Vascular nerve headache; Treatment based on Syndrome Differentiation; Prescription drug
四川省重庆市中医院中医妇科(重庆 400020)
△通讯作者
10.3969/j.issn.1003-8914.2016.19.044
1003-8914(2016)-19-2869-02
�萍
2016-03-07)