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破解“定语从句”的三大难点
□邱世才
定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词,引导定语从句的连词称为关系词。关系词在定语从句中担当一个成分,其中that,who,whom,where, which是关系词的“活跃分子”。对限定性定语从句的关系代词或副词的用法或区别的考查成为中考的“亮点”。
【中考在线】
I borrowed a book from the library.It was newly published.(合并成含有定语从句的复合句)
The bookI borrowed from the librarynewly pub⁃lished.(甘肃卷)
【解读】填写that/which,was。与汉语不同的是英语的定语从句是放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,通过一个关系代词或关系副词连接起来的。例句展示:
(1)I borrowed a book from the library.我从图书馆借了一本书。
(2)The book was newly published.这本书是最新出版的。
结合上面展示的两个简单句,我们可以把这两个句子合并为:
The book that(which)I borrowed from the library was newly published.先行词关系词定语从句
含定语从句的复合句有三个部分:先行词、关系词和从句。先行词是被修饰的名词或代词;关系词是用来引导定语从句的,包括关系代词和关系副词,它们在从句中充当一定的句子成分,当关系代词做从句的主语时,谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。如:
She is the girl who lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
—Which one?哪个人?
—The one who is wearing a hat.戴帽子的那个人。
在定语从句中,关系词一般不翻译。翻译的顺序是“定语从句中的内容+的+先行词”。
【中考在线】
1.First Lady Peng Liyuan was watering the flowerswere named“Cathy”with Dutch Queen Maxima. A.whatB.which C.whoD.whose(湖北卷)
2.—What are you looking for?—I’m looking for the bookyou lent me yesterday.
A.whatB.who
C.whenD.不填(湖北卷)
3.—In a text message,88 means“Bye-bye.”—And another example is F2Fstands for“face to face”.
A.thatB.who
C.whomD.it(湖北卷)
【解读】1.考查定语从句中的关系代词,先行词是the flowers,指物,且关系代词在定语从句中作主语,故选用which。2.考查定语从句的关系代词。先行词是the book,指物,且关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,故可以用which或that,也可以省略。故选D。3.考查定语从句的关系代词。先行词是F2F,指物,且关系代词在定语从句中作主语,由此可知that符合题意。故选A。
引导定语从句的关系代词有:who,whom,whose,which,that。当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时,关系代词可省略;引导定语从句的关系副词有:where,when,why。其中what不能引导定语从句。具体来说:
(1)who与whom的辨析:
who,whom在引导的定语从句,其关系代词指人,也就是它们引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。who在句中作主语;whom在从句中作宾语,常可省略。who的前面不能有介词,如果带有介词,则必须用宾格的whom,即介词+whom。如:
This is the worker who helped me.这就是帮助过我的那个工人。
That is the student(whom)I teach.那就是我教的学生。
He is the boy with whom I went there.他就是和我一起去那里的男孩。
(2)who与that的辨析:
当先行词是人时,必须用who或that引导定语从句,用来指代人时,关系代词who和that在许多情况下可通用,在翻译时who不必译为“谁”,应译为“……的”。如:
The girl who/that is playing the piano is her sister.弹钢琴的那个女孩是她的妹妹。
(3)that与which的辨析:
that和which在一般情况下,不管关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语都可替换使用,不过使用that的场合较多。如:
Is this the pen that/which you’re looking for?这是你一直在找的那支钢笔吗?
(4)where与whose的辨析:
关系副词where等引导的定语从句在从句中作状语,where表示地点,它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代替人也可代替物,当whose代物时,它相当于...of which。如:
This is the place where he was born.这是他出生的地方。
Please show me the book whose cover is black./Please show methe book,the cover of which is black.请把封面是黑色的书拿给我看看。
【中考在线】
1.When Robinson Crusoe got to the island,the first thinghe did
was to look for some food.
A.who B.that
C.which D.whom(广东卷)
2.—Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China?—Yeah!It’s the most funny oneI have ever seen.
A.that B.what
C.which D.where(湖北卷)3
.“Underground”is the only word in the English languagebegins and ends with the letters“und”.
A.what B.that
C.who D.whom(河南卷)
【解读】1.考查定语从句中的关系代词的用法,先行词是the first thing,当先行词有序数词修饰时,关系词使用that。2.考查定语从句中的关系代词的用法,先行词是one,指物,其前有形容词最高级the most fun⁃ny修饰,关系词只能使用that。3.考查定语从句中的关系代词的用法,先行词是word,且由the only修饰,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,关系词使用that。
上面,我们已经从连接词的辨析中学习了“定语从句”,其实它们在指代关系上有些特殊用法,下面对定语从句的连接词作一比对,注意其中的指代差异:
(1)that和which都可以用作指物的关系词,在指物时,一般可互换使用。在句中that,which作宾语时可以省略。如:
The pen(which/that)I bought last week is very expensive.我上周买的那支笔很贵。
但是,在定语从句中,虽然关系代词that(指物)等同于which。下面的几种情况只能用that,不能用which:先行词是all,both,none,nothing,any⁃thing,everything,much,such等不定代词时;先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;先行词被序数词修饰时;先行词被the very,the only,any,no等修饰时。如:
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书。
如果关系代词前有介词和引导非限定性定语从句时,用which,不用that。如:
This is the room in which you will stay.这将是你住的房间。
He has to work on Sundays,which he doesn’t like.他得在星期天工作,他是不喜欢这样的。
(2)who和that用来指代人时,关系代词who和that在许多情况下可通用。如果先行词是one,ones,anyone和those时,用who,不用that。当介词about位于定语从句的句首,关系代词只能用whom(指人),不能用that。如:
Tomistheoneaboutwhomsomepeopleoftentalkbehindhis back.汤姆是经常被人在背后讨论的一个人。
主句是由who,which引导的特殊疑问句时,只能用that引导的定语从句。如:
Who is the teacher that gives us a lesson?谁是给我们上课的老师?在非限制性定语从句中,作主语时,指“人”要用关系代词who。如:Tom,who is an Englishman,is studying here.汤姆是在这里学习的一位英国人。
【能力提升】把下面句子合并成含有定语从句的复合句。
1.That is the woman.The woman is looking for her bag.
2.The old man can’t eat the food.The food has chocolate in it.
3.This is Mr.Green.Mr.Green gave us a talk yesterday.
参考答案:
1.That is the woman who/that is looking for her bag.2.The old man can’t eat the food that has chocolate in it.3.This is Mr.Green that/who gave us a talk yesterday.