小麦籽粒品质性状基因功能标记的开发及应用

2016-02-04 02:07高华利王黎明柴军琳董普辉王春平李兴锋
中国粮油学报 2016年8期
关键词:黄色素籽粒位点

高华利 王黎明 柴军琳 董普辉 王春平 李兴锋

小麦籽粒品质性状基因功能标记的开发及应用

高华利1王黎明1柴军琳1董普辉1王春平1李兴锋2

(河南科技大学农学院1,洛阳 471023)
(山东农业大学农学院2,泰安 271018)

小麦籽粒加工品质是一个综合性状,并与高、低分子质量亚基、多酚氧化酶活性、脂肪氧化酶活性、黄色素含量、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性和1BL/1RS易位等多个性状密切相关。本研究主要就这些小麦品质相关性状基因的功能标记开发及其在分子育种应用的研究进展进行了综述,并对其当前存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了讨论。

小麦 品质性状基因 功能标记

随着结构基因组学及功能基因组学的快速发展,基因功能标记的开发与应用逐渐成为小麦等重要农作物分子育种的重要方向。利用功能标记对小麦籽粒品质相关性状进行检测大大提高了其在分子标记辅助育种上的选择效率;同时为育种过程中亲本的选择和确定材料的利用价值提供了重要信息[1]。因此,小麦品质相关性状的功能标记在育种工作中具有较大应用价值,特别是在小麦品质改良方面受到了广泛应用。

1 小麦籽粒品质性状基因功能标记的开发及应用

小麦面制品的加工品质与高分子质量谷蛋白亚基(High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit,HMW -GS)、低分子质量谷蛋白亚基(Low-molecularweight glutenin subunit,LMW - GS)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性、脂肪氧化酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)活性、黄色素含量(Yellow pigment content,YPC)、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性及1BL/1RS 易位等高度相关。据不完全统计,小麦籽粒加工品质相关性状的21个位点的62个等位基因已经克隆,已开发并验证了63个功能标记。

1.1 HWM-GS和LWM-GS功能标记

HWM-GS和LWM-GS是小麦籽粒中重要的贮藏蛋白,影响小麦面团黏弹性和延展性,对小麦面团品质起重要的作用,分别由位于第一同源群上的位点Glu-1和Glu-3所编码。研究表明[2-3],HMW-GS位点存有许多变异,Glu-A1位点编码的亚基为HMW-GS1、2*和Null;Glu-B1位点编码的亚基为HMW -GS7、7 +8、7 +9、6 +8、20、13 +16、13 +19、14+15、17+18、21和22等;Glu-D1位点编码的亚基为HMW -GS2+12、5+10,3+12、4+12、2+10等。一般具有亚基5+10的品种品质较好,适于小麦优质育种。具有亚基组合GluA3f、GluB3b,GluA3d、GluB3g和GluA3c、GluB3g的品种,品质性状明显较优,适于小麦优质育种。根据对上述位点核苷酸序列开发功能标记[4-9],可用来有效鉴定小麦品种中HWM-GS和LWM-GS的等位基因。

根据LMW麦谷蛋白基因的DNA多态性,Glu-A3等位基因的功能标记已被开发[10],然而,由于Glu-D3位点等位基因间的变异非常小,所以还没有开发相应的功能标记[11]。与Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点相比,Glu-D3对面团品质的影响相对较小[12]。HMW -GSDx5、Bx7、Bx7oe、By8、By9、By16 等亚基的功能标记也已开发,并能够有效地用于检测小麦品种和品系[13-15],表明这些标记准确、稳定,可用于小麦分子标记辅助育种。

1.2 PPO功能标记

小麦籽粒中PPO活性与面条等面制品在制作过程中发生的褐变密切相关,是严重影响面制品的商品价值和外观质量的重要性状。研究发现,在低PPO活性品种中,Ppo-A1上的功能标记PPO18和PPO33的PCR扩增产物分别为876 bp和481 bp的片段,而标记PPO16和PPO29可以区分与高、低PPO活性紧密相关的Ppo - D1b 和Ppo - D1a[16-17]。利用这些功能标记分别在中国高/低PPO活性的小麦品系、311份中国小麦品种和高代品系、57份印度小麦品种以及273份CIMMYT小麦品系的鉴定中得到广泛应用[12,18-19]。陈杰[20]利用STS 标记PPO18,PPO16 和PP029[16,21]检测了参试小麦品种在Ppo -A1和Ppo-D1位点基因的等位变异。因此,利用开发的PPO活性相关的功能标记,可以用于低PPO活性的小麦种质的筛选和高代品系的鉴定。

1.3 LOX功能标记

LOX活性对小麦加工品质和色泽起重要作用,其由多基因控制。根据2个等位基因TaLox-B1a和TaLox-B1b在第三外显子上一个SNP的差异,一对互补的显性功能标记LOX16和LOX18已被开发,这2个标记在高、低LOX活性品种中分别扩增出489 bp 和791 bp 片段[22]。吴萍[23]根据小麦LOX1基因本身的序列信息开发了一个操作方便、可靠性强的新功能标记LOX1-wp01。

目前,LOX功能标记多用于不同地区小麦LOX活性等位变异的分布分析。研究发现,LOX高活性TaLox-B1a基因在新疆冬小麦品种(系)的分布频率远远高于春小麦,在陕西小麦品种(系)中,低LOX活性等位变异品种的比例则明显高于高LOX活性品种,甘肃冬小麦品种高LOX活性等位变异TaLox-B1a 的分布频率高于春小麦[24-26]。

1.4 黄色素含量功能标记

小麦籽粒黄色素含量主要影响面粉加工品质及籽粒外观颜色。影响小麦黄色素含量的关键基因—八氢番茄红素合成酶(PSY)基因由多个基因位点控制,但位于7A、7B、7D同源群上检测到的QTL效应值最大[27]。基因等位变异Psy-B1a、Psy -B1c、Psy -B1e、Psy-B1f等与高黄色素含量相关,而Psy-B1b、Psy-B1g等与低黄色素含量相关[28-29],有利于小麦优质育种。He等[28-29]开发出了7A 染色体上基因Psy-A1功能标记YP7A、YP7A-2以及7B染色体上Psy-B1基因YP7B -1、YP7B -2、YP7B -3、YP7B -4。

研究发现,功能标记YP7B-1在Psy-B1f材料中扩增的151 bp片段与高黄色素含量相关,而在Psy-B1g材料中扩增的153 bp片段与低黄色素含量相关[30]。因此,可以利用黄色素含量相关的功能标记对小麦八氢番茄红素合成酶基因的变异类型进行筛选。

1.5 籽粒硬度功能标记

籽粒硬度不仅决定磨粉能耗、润麦加水量和出粉率,而且与面粉色泽和灰分含量有关,其主要由位于小麦5DS染色体上编码Puroindoline a和Puroindoline b蛋白的Pina-D1和Pinb-D1基因决定。研究表明,基因Pina或Pinb发生突变以及基因Pina缺失均会导致小麦胚乳质地变硬[31-32]。STS功能标记Pina-N1、Pina-N2、Pina-N3和Pina-N4等可以对puroindoline基因变异类型Pina-D1b、Pina-D1r、Pina -D1s和Pina - D1u 进行鉴定[33-34]。在小麦育种中,与较好的磨粉和加工品质相关的Pinb-D1b等位基因的功能标记使用比较广泛[35-36]。研究共发现5种硬度基因组合类型,分别为野生型、Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1b、Pinb-D1c、Pinb-D1p,其中野生型的比例最高(51.22%)[37]。另外,硬度相关功能标记还有效用于不同地区小麦材料的硬度类型的鉴定。研究表明,青海小麦材料以硬质类型为主,比例为47.0%,河南省小麦新品种(系)以硬质麦为主,比例为64.1%[38-39]。

1.6 胚乳特性功能标记

小麦直链淀粉含量对面条品质有重要作用,其中颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(Granule-bound starch synthase,GBSSⅠ)是一个胚乳中直链淀粉合成的关键酶,被Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1等3个基因位点编码,分别位于小麦7AS、4AL、7DS染色体上;GBSSI表达产物为Waxy(Wx)蛋白,小麦籽粒中不含有Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1所编码的Wx蛋白,分别被称之为Wx-A1缺失型、Wx-B1缺失型和Wx-D1缺失型,常常表现为具有较低的直链淀粉水平。刘迎春等[40]根据小麦Waxy基因序列建立了分别专一检测Wx-A1位点和Wx-D1位点的STS功能标记MAG264 和MAG269。Nakamura 等[41-42]开发了鉴定Wx-B1等位基因的功能标记。研究发现,Wx-B1蛋白缺失影响直链淀粉含量和淀粉糊化特性,Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1三个等位基因缺失对Wx蛋白的不同作用,首先为Wx-B1蛋白的缺失型,其次是Wx-D1缺失,最后是Wx-A1的缺失[43]。由于Wx-A1和Wx-D1基因缺失的情况极少出现在小麦品种中,因此它们的功能标记不如Wx-B1缺失等位基因的使用广泛。

1.7 1BL/1RS易位相关标记

小麦1BL/黑麦1RS易位的SCAR标记AF1/AF4由Francis等[44]开发,利用该标记可以对小麦品种和优良新品系进行基因等位变异的检测[45]。前人以不同来源的小麦和黑麦为材料,开发出了1BL/1RS特异功能标记ω -Sec-P1/P2、ω -Sec-P3/P4、SECA2/SECA3、H20 等,这些标记均能用于小麦和黑麦相关材料的鉴定[46-47]。

2 展望

小麦籽粒品质与HMW-GS、PPO活性、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性等多个性状密切相关,因此在注重单一质量性状改良基础上,更应该重视多个优良性状的聚合与同步改良,以提高小麦籽粒的综合加工品质;除了在对小麦单一品质性状功能标记利用外,应该注重多个品质相关性状功能标记的综合利用及其不同性状之间的相关性分析,并加强多个标记反应体系研究,以便于更好地提高育种选择效率。中国农业科学院作物科学研究所利用多个与品质性状相关的功能标记进行辅助选择,已经培育出20多个小麦品系参加区域试验。总之,在育种实践中,应该注重分子标记研发单位与育种主体等多单位联合攻关,分子生物学家与育种家等专家通力合作,综合利用分子标记技术与基因分型技术、高通量基因组学分析与常规田间单株选择与鉴定等多学科知识,并将其尽快转化成切实可行、经济、高效的小麦育种技术。

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Development and Application of Functional Markers Linked to Wheat Grain Quality Traits Genes

Gao Huali1Wang Liming1Chai Junlin1Dong Puhui1Wang Chunping1Li Xingfeng2
(College of Agronomy,Henan University of Science and Technology1,Luoyang 471003)
(College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University2,Taian 271018)

Wheat grain processing quality was a complicated trait which was related to many specific traits in-cluding high molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW - GS)and low molecular weight glutenin subunits(LMW -GS),the activity of polyphenol oxidase(PPO),the activity of lipoxygenase(LOX),yellow pigment content(YPC),grain hardness,starch properties,1BL/1RS translocation,etc.In this article,the development of functional markers linked to wheat grain processing quality traits-related genes and their applications in wheat were overviewed.At the same time,the existing problems and prospects were discussed.

wheat,quality traits - related genes,functional marker

S512.1;S331

A

1003-0174(2016)08-0152-06

国家自然科学基金(U1304318,U1304320),作物生物学国家重点实验室开放基金(2008KF01)

2014-12-26

高华利,女,1990年出生,硕士,小麦种质创新与分子育种

王黎明,男,1976年出生,博士,副教授,生物技术与种质创新及新品种选育

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