李新一(摘译)
(全国畜牧总站中国饲料工业协会,北京朝阳100125)
黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的毒性作用及其诊断、检测和控制
李新一(摘译)
(全国畜牧总站中国饲料工业协会,北京朝阳100125)
霉菌毒素是真菌的次级代谢产物,其种类较多,其中最主要的是黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素。赭曲霉毒素主要损伤肾组织故被称为肾毒素,而黄曲霉毒素则对肝脏毒害作用最大。本文主要介绍了黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的毒性作用及其诊断、检测和控制。
霉菌毒素中毒;黄曲霉毒素;赭曲霉毒素;检测
霉菌毒素以多种形式存在,但其中最主要的是黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素(Perrone等,2007)。饲料中存在一种以上的真菌污染物时,污染物间的协同效应会增加毒素毒性(Huff等,1983)。
1.1黄曲霉毒素及其毒性作用黄曲霉毒素由黄曲霉菌属真菌产生(Gugnani,2000)。多种产毒素真菌可以产生黄曲霉毒素,但主要是黄曲霉和寄生曲霉,当其遇到适宜的环境,就能在饲料中产生黄曲霉毒素(Dutta和Das,2001)。
黄曲霉毒素对家禽有不良影响,会导致免疫功能下降甚至死亡。饲喂被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料后,肉鸡出现厌食、精神萎靡、饲料转化率低、体重下降、生长速度下降等现象,并能造成免疫抑制,对微生物和环境的刺激更加敏感。
黄曲霉毒素引起肝脏肿大、黄肝、胆管体积增大(Ortatali和Oguz,2001),还能损伤肾脏和脾脏组织(Bilgic和Yesildere,1992)。相关试验证实黄曲霉毒素能严重扰乱免疫系统,如对巨噬细胞功能的分析试验和绵羊红血球细胞的抗体反应试验(Khan,2010)。饲喂被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料的禽类更易患病(Oguz等,2003)。
黄曲霉毒素会引起脂肪的改变,肝实质内出现小空泡(空泡变性),肝门管区肝管增生,还能影响产生淋巴细胞的法氏囊。据报道,黄曲霉毒素可以导致肾脏的肾小管变性(Ortatali等,2005)。Kumar和Balachandran(2009)描述了感染黄曲霉毒素B1后的临床和组织病理学症状。宏观上,可以观察到肝脏肿大,肝脏上有黄点或者微泛黄的点,胆囊肿大,肾脏肿大,变白色,有零星的淤血点。通过显微镜可以观察到空泡变性,脂肪改变,肝细胞退化。随着疾病的发展,脂肪沉积转换为脂肪囊肿,不同的淋巴细胞如异嗜细胞和单核细胞出现浸润现象,肝管出现充血和畸形增生。
1.2赭曲霉毒素及其毒性作用赭曲霉毒素可由7种曲霉属真菌和6种青霉菌产生,在这13种真菌中,赭曲霉是主要的产赭曲霉毒素菌种。赭曲霉毒素有多种,通常指赭曲霉毒素A、B、C,但是其中最主要的是赭曲霉毒素A。赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)在谷物、动物饲料、肉和人体组织中均有分布。
赭曲霉毒素对肾脏的毒害作用大于肝脏,对肉鸡的肾脏有潜在的严重毒害作用。赭曲霉毒素A具有致畸、致突变和免疫毒害作用(O'Brien和Dietrich,2005),可以导致生长速度减缓(Verma等,2004)、采食量减少(Elaroussi等,2006)、体增重差(Kumar等,2003)。鸡群精神萎靡,出现稀松的水样粪便(Hassan,2010)。OTA可引起机体严重的免疫抑制(Politis等,2005),这可以通过绵羊血红细胞的抗体反应和碳廓清试验验证(Hassan,2010),同时导致鸡群死亡率增加(Elaurossi等,2006)。OTA可以与血液中白蛋白成分结合,在胆汁和肾脏中进行毒素循环,因此OTA可以长期残留在体内(Marquardt和Frohlich,1992)。
临床上,OTA引起肾脏堵塞和肿大,肝脏增生,淋巴器官如脾脏和法氏囊萎缩(Kumar等,2004),但是对心脏没有损害(Kumar等,2004)。赭曲霉毒素A会导致肝实质中的单核细胞浸润,外层的肝脏增厚(Elaroussi等,2008)。肝门管区出现堵塞和间隙内出现堵塞和膨大。若是连续接触赭曲霉毒素,在中毒后期会出现肝索个别肝细胞坏死,空泡变性(Kumar等,2004)。OTA引起肝管通道变性的同时也会导致其上皮组织细胞的增殖。据报道,单个细胞变性和DNA加合物生成(高达30个单独的加合物)是由于氧化应激作用导致的(Solcan等,2008)。在肾脏,OTA引起肾小管上皮细胞坏死,肾小球渗透以及肾小球体积扩张(Abidin,2010)。在黏液囊中,OTA会引起淋巴结萎缩和骨髓淋巴细胞团的减少,皮质和髓质的淋巴结也出现空泡变性(Kumar等,2004)。在胸腺中,OTA导致胸腺实质中淋巴细胞团的减少以及胸腺局部出现密斑(Kumar等,2004)。
一般来说,可以通过观察特定器官的临床病变确诊霉菌毒素中毒症。如果出现肝脏肿大,变脆且变性区苍白通常就可以确认为霉菌毒素中毒。此外肾脏肿大,表面凸出和充血也可以认为是霉菌毒素中毒的症状。为了测定霉菌毒素水平,屠宰试验中需要保存所有的胴体进行尸体剖检以及收集饲料样品。
测定霉菌毒素可以采用生物检测方法和化学检测方法。如测定已知霉菌毒素的水平,最适合采用化学测定法,因为更加快速,可重复性好,检测限低。常用的两种测定法是:(1)色谱分析方法,包括开放式、柱状、薄层、高性能液体和气体液相色谱法;(2)免疫化学方法,包括放射免疫分析法(RIA)和酶联免疫吸附试验。
2.1赭曲霉素Biro等(2002)阐述了使用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定组织中赭曲霉毒素A水平的方法。Frye和Chu(1977)利用放射性技术检测发现产蛋鸡饲喂真菌毒素污染的饲料后其蛋中含有OTA残留。Prior等(1980)在公鸡和母鸡体组织检测到OTA残留。随后Sizoo和Egmond(2005)提出采用高效液相色谱检测组织和蛋中提取的OTA的分析方法。
2.2黄曲霉毒素Fermandez等(1994)将薄层液相色谱技术应用于肉鸡组织黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的检测。Hussain(2010)采用高效液相色谱法测定口服AFB1后的鸡组织中AFB1含量。Khan(2010)也使用了同样的方法测定黄曲霉毒素。Omurtag等(2002)、Micco等(1988)使用高效液相色谱法测定黄曲霉毒素的检测水平比薄层色谱法测定高出1 μg/kg。
3.1霉菌毒素的去除如饲料中霉菌毒素含量水平高,应优先选择对其中的毒素进行解毒或去除,但是这种方法很难去除饲料中受污染的部分。有人建议通过氨化作用净化谷物,但目前还没有方法来解除饲料中的霉菌毒素。相关报道分别介绍了化学、生物、物理法去除饲料中霉菌毒素的方法(Lopez-Garcia和Park,1998)。已有研究从细菌的纯菌株提取并鉴定了去环氧化酶(Binder等,2000)。
3.2霉菌毒素结合剂的使用毒素结合剂可以通过结合毒素防止毒素的不良作用,阻止消化道吸收毒素。毒素结合剂的预防作用远大于治疗效果。
许多结合剂都是有效的,如活性炭、不能消化的复杂碳水化合物(如纤维素、甘露聚糖、肽聚糖)、高分子合成聚合物(如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、消胆胺),以及铝硅酸盐(如膨润土、粘土、沸石、蒙脱石和硅酸盐)(Avantaggiato等,2005)。
活性炭因为表面积大而有很好的吸附力,对存在于消化系统中的各种毒素都有一定的吸附作用。有关活性炭的试验研究发现其可以减轻黄曲霉毒素对山羊的危害(Hatch等,1982)。活性炭也可以降低牛奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留(Galvano等,1996)。活性炭发挥作用的前提是需要较高的质量(Diaz等,2004)。硅酸盐也是一种较好的霉菌毒素结合剂(Phillips等,1991)。硅酸盐粘结剂的作用机理是粘土材料中的自由金属离子螯合黄曲霉毒素的β-羧基基团(Phillips等,1991)。Santin等(2002)研究证明,水合钠钙硅酸铝盐可以结合毒素以抵消赭曲霉毒素对肉鸡的危害。使用细胞壁酵母作为在肉鸡饲料中的霉菌毒素吸附剂,可以消除OTA的影响(Santin等,2003)。钠基膨润土可以结合肉鸡饲料中的黄曲霉毒素,减轻由于黄曲霉毒素中毒产生的症状(Kermanshahi等,2009)。
3.3水飞蓟素、L-肉碱和维生素的使用水飞蓟素、L-肉碱和维生素等产品可以抵抗霉菌毒素危害并且增强鸡群的免疫系统。
水飞蓟素具有多种功效,包括促进DNA和RNA的合成以及肝组织的修复(Fraschini等,2002)。据报道,水飞蓟素可以刺激免疫状态(Wilasrusmee等,2002),并能抑制由OTA诱导的从被分离的枯否细胞和散在肝脏细胞中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的释放(Al-Anati等,2009)。水飞蓟素还可以抵消肉鸡因AFB1引发的毒副作用(Tedesco等,2004)。
L-肉碱(LC)是一种季铵(微溶于水)化合物,是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的天然合成物。LC可以在脂质分解过程中产生能量,用来将脂肪酸从细胞质运送到线粒体。LC具有抗氧化特性,可以防止脂肪过氧化(Kopple等,2002)。LC也可以结合AFB1,因此可以限制霉菌毒素与组织蛋白质和DNA的相互作用(Yatim和Sachan,2001)。霉菌毒素的不良作用之一是氧化应激,可以通过在饲料中添加LC降低氧化危害(Citil等,2005)。LC对鸡群肝脏紊乱疾病有着有益的影响(Yapar等,2007),对其免疫应答和淋巴器官也有长期持续的影响(Deng等,2006)。LC可以缓解白来航肉仔鸡因赭曲霉毒素导致的毒理变化,同时可以增强免疫应答能力(Bhatti,2010),也可能具有改善肉鸡代谢紊乱的功能(Buyse等,2001)。
维生素E是一种很好的抗氧化剂,主要用于防止脂类氧化。鸡群霉菌毒素中毒后出现免疫抑制,维生素E可以增强鸡群的免疫能力。它可以提高鸡群的整体生产性能(Hossain等,1998),消除OTA的细胞毒性作用,同时防止毒素-DNA加成物的形成。
霉菌毒素中毒控制措施应在饲料收获前、收获中、收获后三个阶段加以实施。生产链中可以应用危害分析和关键环节控制点系统控制霉菌毒素风险(Bricknell等,2006)。Chulze(2010)从食物链的角度阐述了霉菌毒素控制方法。收获前阶段,在作物中使用抗真菌肽来抑制饲料中的黄曲霉毒素污染是最有前景的方法(Rajasekaran等,2009)。
一般有物理法、化学法、生物学法三种主要的方式控制霉菌毒素(Huwig等,2001)。物理方法包括去除谷物中受污染部分和使用紫外线或γ辐射,还包括使用霉菌毒素结合剂(Huwig等,2001)。
化学法包括用臭氧、酸性物质和碱性物质、氨以及抗氧化剂处理饲料。臭氧、氨和有机酸都可以起到有效对抗黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的作用(Marin等,2000)。抗氧化剂如丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、聚丙烯(PP)及其混合物不利于黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的产生(Torres等,2003)。
生物方法包括利用微生物(益生菌)抑制饲料中的霉菌毒素。这些益生菌与霉菌毒素可形成复杂的螯合物,防止机体吸收霉菌毒素(Santillan等,2006)。益生菌如乳酸杆菌(Rawal等,2010)和诺卡氏菌(Tejada-Castaneda等,2008)可以减轻黄曲霉毒素和其他毒素对肉鸡的损害。
黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素是肉鸡养殖主要问题的诱因,严重影响家禽业的经济效益。为了减少这些毒素的不利影响,应采取控制策略,并且采取多种技术联用方式实现饲料中毒素含量的连续监测。霉菌毒素在动物组织或动物产品中的残留是霉菌毒素进入人体的主要方式,必须监测霉菌毒素的残留量,消除污染的饲料,从而避免家禽摄入霉菌毒素。
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(译自《World’s Poultry Science Journal》2011年,67卷485~496页)
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi.There are many types of mycotoxins,the most important are aflatoxins and ochratoxins.Ochratoxin is known as a nephrotoxin as it damages kidney tissues predominantly,whereas aflatoxin has more adverse effects upon liver.This article reviewed toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin and their diagnosis,determination,control.
mycotoxicosis toxicity;aflatoxin;ochratoxin;determination
S816.7
A
1004-3314(2016)07-0019-05
10.15906/j.cnki.cn11-2975/s.20160705