景光婵,张孟仁
中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院中医科,北京 100730
·综述·
瞬时受体电位M2通道:氧化应激敏感的离子通道
景光婵,张孟仁
中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院中医科,北京 100730
摘要:瞬时受体电位(TRP)通道是位于细胞膜上的一类重要的阳离子通道超家族,根据氨基酸序列的同源性,可将已发现的TRP通道分为7个不同的亚家族,瞬时受体电位M2 (TRPM2)通道隶属于TRPM家族。越来越多证据表明,TRPM2通道参与如胰岛素分泌和释放、炎性细胞因子分泌、氧化应激介导的细胞死亡等多种病理生理过程。TRPM2离子通道作为氧化应激反应感受器,可被多种因子激活和影响,有望成为氧化应激相关疾病的一个潜在治疗靶点。
关键词:瞬时受体电位M2通道;氧化应激;Ca2+信号
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(3):364-367
瞬时受体电位(transient receptor potential,TRP)通道基因最早是作为果蝇光感受器的异常变异株基因被人们所认识,其编码的蛋白质广泛分布于包括人类在内的哺乳动物细胞中。TRP超家族是一组非选择性阳离子通道,根据其氨基酸序列的同源性,可将TRP通道分为瞬时受体电位C(transient receptor potential classical,TRPC)通道、瞬时受体电位V(transient receptor potential,TRPV)通道、瞬时受体电位M(transient receptor potential melastatin,TRPM)通道、瞬时受体电位A(transient receptor potential ankyrin,TRPA)通道、瞬时受体电位P(transient receptor potential polycystin,TRPP)通道、瞬时受体电位ML(transient receptor potential mucolipin,TRPML)和瞬时受体电位N(transient receptor potential nonmechanoreceptor,TRPN)通道等7个不同的亚家族。目前只在哺乳动物体内发现了TRPM亚家族。TRPM亚家族的命名源于其第1个家族成员melastatin(TRPM1)的发现,TRPM亚家族包含TRPM l~ 8 8个成员,根据氨基酸序列的同源性可分为TRPMl/TRPM3、TRPM2/TRPM8、TRPM4/TRPM5和TRPM6/TRPM7 4组。TRPM离子通道蛋白由6个跨膜片段和胞内氨基、羧基残端结构域组成。TRPM通道C端氨基酸序列的长度及结构不一,N端含有4个相似的氨基酸序列,但功能尚未阐明。TRPM通道可以直接或间接调节细胞钙(Ca2+)、镁(Mg2+)等离子内流,在维持细胞离子动态平衡中发挥重大作用。
TRPM2的分子结构与生理功能
TRPM2是1个具有1503个氨基酸残基的蛋白,该通道具有六次跨膜α螺旋结构域,N末端和C末端均在胞内,由第5和第6跨膜结构域共同构成通道孔区。TRPM2通道是具有钙离子渗透性的非选择性阳离子通道,可形成功能性的同聚或异源四聚体,从而在信号转导中发挥作用,参与炎症反应、胰岛素释放、造血细胞死亡及氧化应激介导的细胞死亡等生理病理过程。二磷酸腺苷核糖(adenosine-diphosphate ribose,ADPR)能激活TRPM2通道导致Ca2+内流,其结合位点位于C末端的1个核苷二磷酸连接部分X (nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X,Nudix)结构域。TRPM2通道可被ADPR、Ca2+、过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)及其他活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)所激活。ADPR是已知最强的TMPR2通道激动剂。现已证明,TRPM2作为氧化应激传感器,介导了氧化应激引起的细胞内Ca2+浓度升高,并参与多种生理、病理过程。越来越多证据表明,TRPM2可作为氧化应激相关疾病的一个潜在治疗靶点。
氧化应激传感器TRPM2通道
TRPM2通道与胰岛素分泌有学者提出糖尿病并发症的统一机制学说“氧化应激学说”,认为高血糖引起线粒体中超氧阴离子生成过多,进而引发细胞中发生氧化应激,导致糖尿病的各种并发症,氧化应激启动并促进糖尿病并发症发生发展[1]。体内高血糖状态将导致氧化应激反应增加[2]。TRPM2在胰岛β细胞中高表达[3],且在基础和葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌中具有关键作用。研究表明,在胰岛β细胞中,TRPM2通道通过调节胞内Ca2+浓度或介导细胞膜去极化而影响胰岛素分泌[4- 6]。Togashi等[5]研究证明,体温可作为TRPM2通道的内源辅助活化剂,使该通道具有接受化学和物理双重信号调控的特性。TRPM2基因选择性敲除的小鼠胰岛素分泌减少,口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)中血糖值明显高于野生型小鼠,提示TRPM2蛋白在胰岛素分泌中发挥重要作用[6]。上述研究均提示TRPM2在糖尿病治疗中可能成为潜在治疗靶点。
TRPM2通道与炎症反应/炎性细胞因子分泌炎症反应和氧化应激之间存在着紧密联系,可能存在氧化应激、炎症级联反应。在炎症反应中,ROS产生增加。H2O2和ROS 可刺激单核细胞和巨噬细胞产生炎性细胞因子,后者激活炎症反应瀑布。有研究发现,H2O2诱导的人单核细胞株U937 CXCL8的表达,依赖于TRPM2通道介导的Ca2+内流及下游核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)的活化。而在TRPM2 基因敲除小鼠中,上述细胞因子产生则明显被抑制[7]。Sumoza-Toledo等[8]发现,TRPM2 在树突状细胞的成熟及趋化中起重要作用。最近一项研究显示,免疫细胞活化因子如脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)可显著上调原代培养的人单核细胞及人单核细胞株THP- 1中TRPM2 mRNA水平并促进蛋白表达,进而导致Ca2+内流增加及白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)- 6、IL- 8、IL- 10等炎症细胞因子分泌增加。用小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)选择性降低TRPM2表达后发现,TRPM2缺陷细胞中上述因子的表达也随之下降[9]。以上研究均表明了TRPM2在炎性细胞因子表达及炎症反应中的重要性。
TRPM2通道与氧化应激介导的细胞死亡Hara等[10]首先发现TRPM2在细胞死亡中发挥作用,随后的研究相继证实在氧化应激诱导的细胞死亡中TRPM2可发挥重要作用[3,11- 15]。体外研究显示,运用siRNA技术选择性敲低大鼠纹状体神经元的内源性TRPM2蛋白的表达后,H2O2诱导的细胞死亡可被抑制[4]。Kaneko等[16]研究发现,大鼠脑皮质神经元表达的TRPM2通道蛋白在H2O2介导的神经元死亡中发挥重要作用。运用siRNA技术选择性降低TRPM2蛋白表达,可显著减少氧化应激诱导的caspases- 8、caspases- 9、caspases- 3及caspases- 7切割,降低多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase,PARP)活性,提高体外培养的人单核细胞株U937活力,减少氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡[17]。国外研究显示,用TRPM2抑制性抗体预处理小鼠心脏微血管内皮细胞系H5V,可显著减少H2O2及TNF-α诱导的细胞凋亡[18]。相反,在H2O2及TNF-α诱导下,过表达TRPM2的小鼠心脏微血管内皮细胞系H5V凋亡则明显增加,提示TRPM2通道参与了氧化应激介导的血管内皮细胞凋亡。Lange等[19]研究发现,ADPR激活TRPM2,不但促进Ca2+进入质膜,还可以促进溶酶体中Ca2+的释放,进而影响细胞凋亡。
TRPM2通道与心血管疾病TRPM2通道参与了氧化应激介导的心血管损伤的病理生理过程[20- 21]。在血管内皮细胞,TRPM2通道介导了血管内皮细胞中ROS诱导的Ca2+内流,改变了血管内皮细胞屏障功能,增加了血管内皮细胞的通透性。而血管内皮通透性的增加在动脉粥样硬化症、高血压、心力衰竭等心血管疾病的病理生理改变中发挥重要作用[22- 23]。TRPM2通道在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中也发挥重要作用。Hiroi等[24]研究发现,敲除TRPM2基因后,可显著减少小鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤面积,提高心肌收缩功能。
综上,氧化应激反应贯穿多种疾病的病理生理过程。TRPM2离子通道作为氧化应激反应感受器,可被多种因子调节。新近研究表明,TRPM2通道参与如胰岛素分泌和释放、炎性细胞因子分泌、氧化应激介导的细胞死亡等多种病理生理过程。从离子通道水平研究上述疾病的发生发展机制,可为人们提供了一个崭新的视角,今后尚需进一步深入研究调控TRPM2离子通道表达和活性的分子机制及上下游相关的信号通路。
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基金项目:北京中医药科技项目(JJ2014- 50)Supported by Beijing Science and Technology Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine (JJ2014- 50)
通信作者:张孟仁电话:010- 69151700,电子邮件:xhzhmr425@sina.com
中图分类号:R392.9
文献标志码:A
文章编号:1000- 503X(2016)03- 0364- 04
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.03.023
Corresponding author:ZHANG Meng-renTel:010- 69151700,E-mail:xhzhmr425@sina.com
(收稿日期:2015- 05- 18)
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2:an Ion Channel for Oxidative Stress Sensing
JING Guang-chan,ZHANG Meng-ren
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China
ABSTRACT:Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel is a superfamily of cation channels located on the cell membrane. TRP channels are classified into seven subfamilies based on the amino acid sequence homology,and transient receptor potential melastatin 2(TRPM2) is the second member of the TRPM subfamily. More evidences have revealed the important roles of TRPM2 in physiological and pathological events such as release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells,inflammatory cytokines production from cells,and oxidative stress-induced cell death. As a cellular sensor for oxidative stress channel,TRPM2 is activated by a variety of factors. TRPM2 is a potential therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related diseases.
Key words:transient receptor potential melastatin 2;oxidative stress;Ca2+signaling