方晨燕,丁超,朱滔,张平*
(1.浙江中医药大学,浙江 杭州310053;2.浙江省肿瘤医院,浙江 杭州310022)
·综述·
宫颈腺癌患者保留卵巢功能的研究进展
方晨燕1,丁超2,朱滔2,张平2*
(1.浙江中医药大学,浙江杭州310053;2.浙江省肿瘤医院,浙江杭州310022)
近年来宫颈腺癌的比例相对于鳞癌明显增加,发病率的不断上升,并且年轻化,使得卵巢保留显得特别重要。然而目前对于宫颈腺癌保留卵巢的安全性颇具争议。本文针对宫颈腺癌患者卵巢转移的发生率和危险因素,卵巢切除的并发症和卵巢保留患者的预后进行了综述。
宫颈腺癌;卵巢转移;预后
近年来,随着宫颈癌筛查以及子宫颈环形电切术(loop electrosurgical excision procedure,LEEP)的实施,宫颈癌(主要是浸润性鳞癌)总发病率呈明显下降趋势[1],而宫颈腺癌的发病率却呈现上升趋势,尤其是年轻女性,这可能是由于性习惯的改变和人乳头瘤病毒(Human Papillomavirus,HPV)的传播[2-4]。宫颈腺癌FIGO分期IA~IIA的标准手术方式是根治性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术,对于是否保留卵巢尚未达成一致结论[5]。目前大多倾向于行双侧卵巢切除术,但鉴于宫颈腺癌发病率的不断上升、腺癌患者的年轻化,约34.6%宫颈腺癌患者年龄小于40岁,而60.3%的患者年龄小于50岁[6],但是较高的术后5年生存率,术中是否保留患者卵巢功能得到了更多的关注[7-9]。目前对于宫颈腺癌患者保留卵巢的安全性尚存争议[10],主要考虑到宫颈腺癌的卵巢转移,以及保留卵巢对预后的影响。本文针对宫颈腺癌患者卵巢转移的发生率、卵巢转移的危险因素及途径、卵巢切除的后遗症和卵巢保留患者的预后进行综述。
1.1发生率目前,对于肿瘤组织类型是否会影响宫颈癌患者卵巢转移的发生率仍存在争议。有研究表明在宫颈癌中,宫颈腺癌发生卵巢转移率较高,较鳞癌更易出现卵巢播散[11]。Landoni等[12]总结分析了临床FIGO分期为IA2~IIA期的380例宫颈腺癌患者,显示卵巢转移率为2.3%;Yamamoto等[13]研究表明FIGO分期为IB~IIIB期的宫颈腺癌患者卵巢转移总发生率在10%以上,其中IIIB期卵巢转移率高达33.3%;同时Shimada等[14]发现3471例IB~IIB期手术治疗的宫颈癌患者宫颈腺癌的卵巢转移率远高于宫颈鳞癌(5.31%和0.79%,P<0.01);陈琬玲等[15]报道宫颈腺癌卵巢转移发生率显著高于宫颈鳞癌(6.3%和1.4%,P<0.01)。
然而,一些研究结果显示在早期宫颈腺癌中,卵巢转移发生率较低。Natsume等[16]对62例IB~II期宫颈腺癌患者进行了分析,发现IB期患者中只有1例(3.2%)有卵巢转移,其余均为II期患者,其中IIA期为33.3%,IIB期为21.4%;Kjorstad等[17]对150例IB期宫颈腺癌患者的研究结果显示只有2例(1.3%)出现卵巢转移;Sutton等[18]研究发现 IB期宫颈腺癌患者卵巢转移发生率为1.6%,与鳞状上皮组织类型比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且卵巢转移的患者均呈现出宫颈外疾病;Lu等[19]对101例IA2~IIA2期宫颈腺癌患者进行了分析,发现IA2期患者未发生卵巢转移,IB1期患者1例发生转移;同时Zhu等[20]对16例(2009~2014年)宫颈绒毛状腺癌患者进行了回顾性研究分析,其中接受卵巢切除的13例患者中仅有1例在卵巢表面发现癌症转移,另外3例卵巢活检病理均未提示有转移;Lu等[21]对111例宫颈腺癌患者的研究中发现IB1期卵巢转移率仅1.6%,IB2期转移率高达9.5%。
上述研究纳入了多种FIGO分期的宫颈腺癌患者,显示FIGO分期IB2期及以上的宫颈腺癌患者卵巢转移率较高,而IB1期或更早期患者转移率较低。所以,早期宫颈腺癌患者保留卵巢具有一定的可行性和安全性,但这个结论需要更多有效的研究予以支持[22-23]。
1.2高危因素
研究证明,宫颈腺癌卵巢转移患者具有以下特点:年龄大于45岁[12,24];FIGO分期较晚(>IB1期)[12];淋巴结阳性[25-26];深间质浸润(间质浸润深度>1/2)[12,16,27];脉管瘤栓/淋巴血管间隙侵犯[27];其他器官侵袭[26-27];宫旁浸润或肿瘤瘤体较大(长径>2cm)[25-26]等特征。Landoni等[12]通过多因素分析发现年龄大于45岁、深间质浸润和FIGO分期为卵巢转移的独立危险因素;而Kim等[28]则发现子宫浸润为卵巢转移的独立危险因素,伴有子宫浸润的宫颈腺癌患者中,卵巢转移率高达7/23,而无子宫浸润的患者中卵巢转移率仅5/129。宫颈癌卵巢转移可能通过淋巴扩散或透壁扩散,而宫体浸润加强了这种机制的作用[29]。
同样,国内也有针对宫颈腺癌卵巢转移高危因素的研究,李艳芳等[30]研究说明卵巢转移的高危因素包括:子宫颈管深肌层、宫体、宫旁组织受侵犯,淋巴管或血管浸润及盆腔淋巴结转移;而陈琬玲等[15]则强调宫颈腺癌卵巢转移与肿瘤大小密切相关,瘤体>4cm是宫颈腺癌卵巢转移的独立显著变量。
1.3转移途径
目前,宫颈癌患者发生卵巢转移的途径有3种假设:(1)脉管浸润[27,31];(2)HPV向上传播[32];(3)癌细胞的输卵管播散[33]。最近则有研究表明通过输卵管逆行播散的可能性较大,就如月经逆行,使子宫内膜细胞异位至卵巢一样,癌细胞可通过输卵管逆播散,而皮质下的肿瘤细胞则通过黄体破裂扩散至间质[34]。宫颈腺癌患者的卵巢转移大多发生在子宫全切术后,说明术中外观正常的卵巢不排除转移的可能。术中外表正常的卵巢,皮质中可能存在肿瘤细胞。
有文献报道宫颈腺癌患者有较高的生存期,尤其是早期。所以,有必要考虑切除卵巢对生存质量的影响。另有研究表明宫颈腺癌患者切除卵巢可导致短期和长期并发症,如潮热出汗、阴道萎缩,以及心血管疾病,骨质疏松,髋部骨折,阿尔茨海默症等[35-36]。Orshan等[37]研究发现切除卵巢可导致情感问题的发生。Cathleen等[38]对绝经前接受过单侧卵巢切除术(1274例)或双侧卵巢切除术(1091例)的患者进行了一项队列研究,对照组(2383例)与手术组有相同年龄且来源于同一人群未接受过卵巢切除术的女性。研究显示:在小于45岁的双侧卵巢切除术患者中,心血管疾病相关死亡率(HR 1.44;95%CI 1.01~2.05;P=0.04)上升。若卵巢切除患者自45岁起或更长时间未接受雌激素治疗,则死亡率危险比明显升高 (HR 1.84;95%CI 1.27~2.68;P= 0.001);而在接受雌激素治疗的女性中未出现该情况(HR 0.65;95%CI 0.30~1.41;P=0.28;P=0.01)。由此可见,45岁之前行双侧卵巢切除术增加了心血管疾病相关死亡率,而雌激素治疗可降低风险。
总之,双侧卵巢切除会发生的常见并发症:潮热、阴道萎缩、骨质疏松、心血管疾病、阿尔兹海默症等,雌激素替代治疗是首选。
目前宫颈癌根治术中保留卵巢的方法:卵巢原位保留、卵巢移位、卵巢移植、卵巢埋藏和卵巢皮质移植。其中卵巢移位术(Ovarian transposition,OT)是最常用的方法[39],卵巢移位可保留患者的激素功能,有研究表明妇女卵巢移位至腹壁皮下脂肪组织,也可达到同样的雌激素水平[40-41]。小于40岁的I~IIB期宫颈癌患者,卵巢无明显形态异常,无卵巢恶性肿瘤家族史,在充分知情并同意后可选择卵巢移位[42]。为了防止癌症复发,在卵巢移位前可以选择辅助化疗来移除可能存在的卵巢微小转移灶或减小巨大的宫颈癌瘤体,但仍需进一步研究来确定其可行性[43]。
对宫颈腺癌患者保留卵巢功能的安全性存在争议。保留卵巢患者的预后相关研究很少,在报道的文献中多数认为卵巢是否切除与腺癌患者的生存期、复发率没有相关性。
Webb等[44]第一次进行了有关保留卵巢的宫颈腺癌患者的预后分析,结果显示,4例FIGO分期为CIS~IB期的腺癌患者在中位随访5年内均无卵巢复发;Tabata等[45]则进行了关于保留卵巢的宫颈腺癌患者预后的最大的队列研究,在从原位癌至FIGO分期IA期的706例患者,不论各种组织学亚型,在中位随访5年内均未观察到卵巢复发;Windbichler等[46]进行了一个对宫颈癌患者手术治疗的配对分析,对分别进行保留卵巢和双侧输卵管卵巢切除术(Bilateral salpingo oophorectomy,BSO)患者的预后进行比较(两组在组织学类型差异无统计学意义),至少保留1个卵巢患者的5年生存率为98%,而BSO组为97%。此外,在中位数随访42个月内,7例保留卵巢的腺癌患者无1例发生卵巢复发。周新华等[47]对86例Ⅰ~Ⅳ期宫颈腺癌患者进行研究后发现,卵巢切除与否的宫颈腺癌患者的5年生存率的差异无统计学意义且多因素分析显示是否切除卵巢对患者的预后无影响。
综上所述,研究表明在早期宫颈腺癌中卵巢转移率较低;卵巢转移危险因素包括:FIGO分期、肿瘤大小、年龄、深间质浸润、淋巴结转移、脉管浸润、侵犯子宫体等;且表明切除卵巢会对癌症幸存者的生活质量产生影响,导致各种短期和长期后遗症 (如阴道萎缩,情绪问题、骨质疏松、心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默症等);保留卵巢对早期腺癌患者的预后无影响,卵巢保留是安全的。因此,宫颈腺癌患者在充分评估FIGO分期、肿瘤大小、年龄、以及肿瘤的浸润情况后,可选择保留一侧或双侧卵巢。双侧卵巢切除术在宫颈腺癌(尤其是早期)治疗中的应用价值需重新评估。
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浙江省自然科学基金(LY14H160010)
*为通讯作者,E-mail:ping725020@sina.com