血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂治疗急性缺血性卒中的研究进展

2016-01-23 19:34林露张猛
中国卒中杂志 2016年8期
关键词:罗非拮抗剂单抗

林露,张猛

脑血管疾病已超过恶性肿瘤成为中国第一致死病因,同时还具有极高的致残率[1]。急性缺血性卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)是最常见的脑血管疾病。血小板活化在AIS血栓形成中占有重要地位,快速有效地抑制血小板过度活化一直是针对缺血性卒中治疗的关键环节。

1 抗血小板药物的分类与作用机制

1.1 血小板聚集是血栓形成的始动环节 动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是AIS的主要病因之一。AS造成血管内膜损伤,胶原和组织因子暴露,血小板膜上的糖蛋白(glycoprotein,GP)Ⅰb/Ⅸ通过血管假血友病因子(Von Willebrand factor,vWF)与胶原结合,致血小板黏附、活化,释放出二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)和血栓素A2(thromboxane A2,TXA2)等物质,使血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的表达增加,受体结合位点暴露,与纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fg)、vWF、纤维结合蛋白(fibrinectin,Fn)等配体的亲合力增强,造成血小板聚集。同时各个血小板还可以通过GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体与Fg桥梁结合而形成血小板微聚集体,导致血小板进一步活化,加速血栓形成[2]。

1.2 传统抗血小板药物 传统抗血小板药物主要包括以下几种:①TXA2抑制剂(如阿司匹林、乙酰水杨酸),通过使环氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)失活,抑制TXA2的合成;②ADP P2Y12受体拮抗剂(如氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛),抑制ADP介导的血小板活化;③磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(如双嘧达莫、西洛他唑),主要抑制磷酸二酯酶活性使血小板内环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)浓度上升,抑制血小板聚集[3]。

1.3 新型抗血小板药物——GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂 GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体的研究始于1974年,Nurden和Caen发现由血小板聚集障碍所致的血小板无力症,其主要分子机制为血小板膜缺失GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体[4]。GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体是黏附分子中整合素家族的一种,含两个结合位点,一个识别RGD序列(即精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸),另一个识别KGD序列(半胱氨酸-赖氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸-色氨酸-天冬氨酸-半胱氨酸,赖氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸是其功能序列)。血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体与Fg等黏附蛋白的结合,是血小板聚集不可缺少的最终共同途径,在止血或血栓形成中发挥重要作用。因此,抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体可直接抑制血小板活性,进而达到有效抑制血栓形成的作用。

目前文献报道的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂包括两大类:(1)自然界存在的肽拮抗剂,例如蝮蛇毒素等,主要从蝰蛇和鼓腹巨蝰的毒液中提取,目前尚未应用于临床。(2)人工合成的拮抗剂,主要包括3类:①单克隆抗体,如阿昔单抗;②肽类拮抗剂,如埃替非巴肽;③非肽类拮抗剂,如替罗非班、拉米非班等[5]。阿昔单抗是Fab(antigen binding fragments)片段的重组体,半衰期只有10~30 min[6-8],数分钟起效,是GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体的不可逆结合剂,停药后血小板功能不能马上恢复[9]。阿昔单抗还可以通过免疫复合物激活补体,损伤血小板[10-11],因而使用阿昔单抗的患者易于发生出血风险,且不能单纯通过停药而得到改善。埃替非巴肽是一种人工合成的环状七肽,活性基团为KGD序列,相对于阿昔单抗,其对GPⅡb/Ⅲa的结合更强,具有更强的定向性和特异性,但埃替非巴肽具有免疫原性,可以通过激活补体损伤血小板[12-13]。替罗非班是目前国内唯一可供使用的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂,是一种非肽类酪氨酸,由解聚多肽衍生而来[6],结构与RGD序列相仿。替罗非班作为GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体的高选择结合剂,与GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体可逆性结合,不具有免疫原性,不激活补体损伤血小板,输注5 min即起效,停药后4 h出血时间即恢复正常。相较于传统抗血小板药物,替罗非班并不增加症状性颅内出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,sICH)的概率,其引起出血的概率比阿昔单抗和埃替非巴肽少[14-18]。

2 GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂在AIS中的临床应用研究

血小板受体抑制剂在不稳定缺血事件的应用研究(Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms,PRISM-PLUS),冠脉早期快速治疗研究(Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment 2,ISARREACT-2),GPⅡb/Ⅲa在非ST段抬高性急性冠脉综合征中的早期应用研究(Early Glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa Inhibition in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome,EARLY ACS)及一些荟萃研究证实了GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂在ACS中的有效性及安全性[18-22]。但是AIS中的作用尚不明确,临床研究主要集中在以下几方面。

2.1 单独用药 阿昔单抗卒中研究(Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial,ABESTT)Ⅰ中纳入385例发病6 h以内的卒中患者,实验组195例接受阿昔单抗治疗,sICH率略高于安慰剂组(3.6%vs1%),3个月后MRS评分略优于安慰剂组(P=0.33,OR1.2,95%CI0.84~1.70)[23]。ABESTTⅡ研究纳入发病5 h内的808例患者,阿昔单抗组与对照组3个月良好预后率无明显差异(32%vs33%,P=0.944),且阿昔单抗组发病5 d内致死性颅内出血及sICH的发生率明显增加(5.5%vs0.5%,P=0.002)[24]。Stead[25]通过分析相关研究,纳入474个病例,比较静脉内使用阿昔单抗与安慰剂的差异,得出的数据也不支持卒中患者使用阿昔单抗,随后进行的随机对照研究中更多的采用可逆性GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班。Torgano[14]的替罗非班在急性缺血性卒中的安全性及有效性(Study of Efficacy of Tirofiban in Acute ischemic stroke,SETIS)研究选择发病6 h内,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分5~25分的150例AIS患者,证实替罗非班相较于阿司匹林并未增加患者颅内出血的风险,但也未发现明显的有效性,这可能与研究纳入的患者症状较重且研究包含后循环梗死的患者有关。Siebler[26]进行的替罗非班在急性缺血性卒中的安全性(Safety of Tirofiban in Acute Ischemic Stroke,SATIS)研究纳入18~80岁,发病3~22 h,NIHSS评分4~18分的260例AIS患者,一组给予替罗非班(0.4 μg·kg-1·min-1,泵注30 min后,0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1维持48 h),另一组给予安慰剂(0.9%生理盐水1 ml/h,泵注48 h),两组之间出血率无明显差异,替罗非班组在5个月内有更低的死亡率,但发病2~7 d NIHSS评分,远期MRS评分两组间未发现显著差异。2014年Ciccone[27]通过纳入4个研究(AbESTTⅠ 2000,Adam 1998,SETIS 2010,AbESTTⅡ study)1365个患者,除SETIS研究外,其余3个研究(1215例患者)均为阿昔单抗与安慰剂对比,结果显示阿昔单抗未降低远期死亡率及致残率(OR0.97,95%CI0.77~1.22),且提高了sICH(OR4.6,95%CI2.01~10.54)。

进展性卒中(stroke in progression,SIP)是AIS的一种特殊类型,其概念和定义尚无统一标准,多数学者将其定义为缺血性卒中发病6 h至1周,虽经积极干预,但神经功能缺损症状和体征仍逐渐进展或呈阶梯状加重[28]。Philipps[29]的实验选取在96 h内NIHSS评分增加大于2分的35例SIP患者给予替罗非班,未发生严重出血,用药后NIHSS评分较用药前降低(小血管闭塞vs大血管闭塞,3.4∶0.8,P=0.048)。Martin-Schild[30]纳入24例进展性皮质下卒中患者,使用埃替非巴肽后42%患者NIHSS评分较用药前降低,无sICH发生。证实了在进展性卒中使用替罗非班的有效性,并且在小血管闭塞时这种有效性可能更加明显。

2.2 联合溶栓治疗 rt-PA静脉溶栓是目前治疗AIS的金标准,但再通率仅46%[31],其中14%~34%发生再闭塞[32],再闭塞往往发生在溶栓后65 min左右[33],原因可能是部分再通后遗留的局部栓子、内皮损伤,甚至溶栓药物本身所诱发的血小板活化聚集等。理论上溶栓后早期抗血小板治疗可以降低再闭塞的发生率,但是2012年溶栓联合抗血小板治疗缺血性卒中(antiplatelet therapy in combination with rt-PA thrombolysis in ischemic stroke,ARTIS)的随机双盲研究,纳入642例接受rt-PA(0.9 mg/kg)静脉溶栓的AIS患者,在溶栓后90 min内分别静脉给予阿司匹林300 mg和安慰剂,实验组90 d预后无明显改善,出血率显著增加[34]。而另一些静脉溶栓后使用新型抗血小板药物GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的研究却得到了相反的结局。Straub[35]早在2004年就报道了19例大脑中动脉闭塞心肌梗死溶栓0~1级(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI评分0~1级)的卒中患者,使用低剂量rt-PA溶栓后联合替罗非班治疗后,68%的患者血管再通(TIMI 2~3级,用药后MRI显示缺血区域较用药前明显减小),血管再通的患者取得了良好的预后,并无sICH的发生。Seitz[36]纳入192例患者联合应用低剂量rt-PA与替罗非班,48%的患者取得良好的预后。急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA联合埃替非巴肽治疗(the combined approach to lysis utilizing eptifibatide and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator rt-PA,CLEAR)的研究是第一个随机双盲静脉溶栓联合GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂治疗AIS的研究,纳入94例患者,69例患者使用低剂量rt-PA(0.3~0.45 mg/kg)与埃替非巴肽联合(75 μg/kg静脉推注后,以0.75 μg·kg-1·min-1持续泵注2 h治疗),25例患者标准治疗,联合治疗组发生1例sICH,标准治疗组发生2例sICH,虽然此研究未证实溶栓联合GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的有效性,但证实了埃替非巴肽与rt-PA联合应用的安全性[37]。而在随后进行的急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA联合埃替非巴肽增强治疗(The Combined Approach to Lysis Utilizing Eptifibatide and rt-PA in Acute Ischemic Stroke-Enhanced Regimen,CLEAR-ER)(2013)研究纳入126例患者,实验组101例在使用减量(0.6 mg/kg)rt-PA静脉溶栓后早期使用埃替非巴肽(135 μg/kg静脉推注后,以0.75 μg·kg-1·min-1持续泵注2 h),49.5%取得良好预后,而对照组25例仅36.0%取得良好预后[38]。后续研究通过将CLEARER研究与国立神经病及中风研究所(National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke,NINDS)研究配对,进一步证明rt-PA与埃替非巴肽联合治疗的有效性[39]。2015年发表的急性缺血性卒中使用足量rt-PA联合埃替非巴肽治疗(CLEAR-Full Dose Regimen,CLEARFDR)研究纳入27例AIS患者,使用足量rt-PA(0.9 mg/kg)静脉溶栓后联合使用埃替非巴肽(135 mcg/kg静脉推注后,以0.75 mcg·kg-1·min-1持续泵注2 h),仅1例(3.7%)发生sICH,17例(63%)患者3个月后MRS评分0~1分或回归入院前MRS评分,研究证实足量rt-PA静脉溶栓后早期联合使用埃替非巴肽后,不仅未增加sICH的发生率,而且还增加了患者临床良好预后率[40]。

2.3 动脉内治疗 对于大血管闭塞性卒中的患者,动脉内治疗的效果远优于单纯静脉溶栓[41-43]。但血管内治疗对血管内皮或动脉粥样硬化斑块的机械损伤可激活血小板形成血栓,导致再闭塞,发生率为18%~22%[44-46]。Ries[47]报道在515例颅内动脉瘤的患者中48例有血栓形成,42例运用阿昔单抗后,69%患者计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)中没有梗死,也无手术附近出血或者再次出血。Saedon[48]纳入74例颈内动脉剥脱术后,出现微栓子征象>50 h的患者,利用经颅彩色多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler ultrasound,TCD)检测颈内动脉剥脱术后微栓子征象消失的时间来比较替罗非班与右旋糖酐的效果,替罗非班组仅需23 min就能使50%的微栓塞征象消失,研究证实替罗非班能有效抑制颈内动脉剥脱术后微栓塞的形成。Velat[49]报道在1373例神经血管介入的患者中,29例并发急性脑血管栓塞并且在血管闭塞的1 h内运用阿昔单抗,其中83%的患者在随访中MRS评分小于或等于3分。Kim[50]报道了60例AIS患者,在进行动脉内溶栓后动脉内使用替罗非班(术中根据血管造影情况使用0.2~1.0 mg,后给予替罗非班0.12 μg·kg-1·min-1泵注12 h),75.1%患者血管狭窄或闭塞得到改善,43.8%血管完全再通,31.3%血管部分再通,3个月后良好预后率达到56.3%,仅1例发生sICH。Seo[51]纳入18例Solitaire支架机械取栓失败的患者给予替罗非班治疗,其中17例(94.4%)患者血管再通。2015年《中国急性缺血性卒中早期血管内介入诊疗指南》中也建议对溶栓、取栓后再闭塞或者急性支架内血栓形成的患者,可选择动脉或静脉途径使用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体抑制剂[52]。

3 小结

综上所述,新一代GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂(如替罗非班)可与GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体高选择可逆性结合,且不具有免疫原性,不激活补体,相较于传统的抗血小板药物和早期的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂(如阿昔单抗),具有起效快、作用强、安全性高等特点,已广泛应用于ACS等心血管疾病,在AIS中的作用也越来越受到关注。结合本中心300余例替罗非班在AIS临床应用中显示出的安全性与有效性,笔者认为替罗非班在AIS的治疗中具有良好前景,尤其是对于小血管病变性卒中、进展性卒中及溶栓或取栓后发生再闭塞的卒中,有待于大样本多中心随机试验的进一步验证。

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