马金辉郭万首程立明
(1.北京大学中日友好临床医学院,北京100029;2.北京大学中日友好医院骨关节外科骨坏死与关节保留重建中心,北京100029)
塞来昔布在全膝关节置换围手术期的应用现状
马金辉1郭万首2*程立明2
(1.北京大学中日友好临床医学院,北京100029;2.北京大学中日友好医院骨关节外科骨坏死与关节保留重建中心,北京100029)
全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)作为一种成功的骨科矫形手术,能够缓解患者膝关节疼痛,纠正畸形,改善生活质量。术后疼痛是常见的并发症之一,容易使患者产生负面情绪,延缓术后康复锻炼,延长住院时间,影响患者对手术的满意度。塞来昔布在TKA围手术期多模式镇痛方案中起重要作用:术前应用具有超前镇痛效应,对血小板及凝血因子功能无影响,不会干扰麻醉方式的选择;术后应用能够减少阿片类药物的使用剂量及副作用,增加膝关节活动度,促进功能恢复,缩短住院时间;出院后长期使用具有较高的胃肠道安全性,并发症较少,利于患者TKA术后的长期恢复。本文就塞来昔布在TKA围手术期的应用现状做一综述。
关节成形术,置换,膝;围手术期;镇痛
【Key words】Arthroplasty,Replacement,Knee;Perioperative period;Analgesia
全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)作为一种成熟的骨科矫形手术,能够缓解患者膝关节疼痛,纠正畸形,改善生活质量。然而TKA发展至今,手术技术已较为规范、成熟,良好的围手术期管理,尽可能减少围手术期并发症,可提高患者对医师及TKA手术的满意度。术后疼痛是TKA围手术期常见的并发症之一,容易使患者产生负面情绪,延缓术后康复锻炼,延长住院时间,增加治疗费用,影响患者对手术的满意度[1]。在TKA围手术期选择一种合理、安全的多模式镇痛方案对患者术后的良好恢复至关重要。塞来昔布作为一种选择性环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)抑制剂,几乎无环氧化酶-1(cyclooxygenase-1,COX-1)的抑制作用,减少了以往应用传统NSAIDs药物带来的并发症。术前应用具有超前镇痛效应,并且对血小板及凝血因子功能无影响,不会干扰麻醉方式的选择,并未增加手术出血量[2]。塞来昔布在TKA术后多模式镇痛方案中同样扮演重要的角色,其能够减少阿片类药物的使用剂量及相应副作用[3,4],还可以增加膝关节活动范围,促进膝关节功能恢复,缩短住院时间[5,6],出院后长期使用具有较高的胃肠道安全性,并发症较少,利于患者TKA术后的长期恢复。因此,本文就塞来昔布的药理学特性、TKA围手术期的应用方案及使用的安全性、有效性等问题作一综述如下。
1.1作用原理及机制
塞来昔布属于选择性COX-2抑制剂,通过抑制COX-2而阻止致炎前列腺素的生成,进而起到止痛的作用[8]。各种损伤性化学、物理和生物因子激活磷脂酶A2水解细胞膜磷脂,生成花生四烯酸,后者经COX-2催化加氧生成前列腺素,引起炎症及疼痛反应[9]。传统NSAIDs同时抑制COX-1与COX-2[10],COX-1主要存在于血管、胃、肾等组织中,其功能为保护胃黏膜,调节血小板聚集、外周血管阻力和肾血流量[9]。COX-1被抑制是传统NSAIDs药物副反应的主要原因,其中包括胃溃疡、肾功能衰竭以及出血性疾病。而塞来昔布几乎无COX-1的抑制作用,所以不良反应发生率较低[2]。
1.2药代动力学特性
口服塞来昔布的血浆半衰期约为11 h,全部经肝代谢,具有22%~40%的生物利用率,口服后30~60 min开始发挥镇痛药效,2 h后能够达到最高血浆药物浓度,连续给药5次(2.5 d)可达到稳定的血药浓度[11,12]。
1.3药物之间的相互作用
塞来昔布有可能减弱ACEI类药物以及利尿剂的作用,应尽量避免与其联合应用[13]。塞来昔布不可用于对磺胺过敏者以及服用阿司匹林或其他非甾体类抗炎药后诱发哮喘、荨麻疹或过敏反应的患者。
TKA术前应用塞来昔布能够起到超前镇痛效果[14]。超前镇痛是指在脊髓发生痛觉敏化以前实施镇痛,以阻止外周损伤冲动向中枢传递,使其降低到造成中枢敏化阈值以下,并在术后持续抑制伤害性刺激的传入[15]。围手术期应用塞来昔布具有超前镇痛作用,较单纯术后应用可明显减轻TKA术后早期疼痛,减少止痛药用量,加快关节功能康复,从而增加患者对手术的满意度[5]。Meunier等[16]的研究支持这一观点,在TKA术前1 h口服塞来昔布200 mg能够达到超前镇痛效果;并不增加TKA手术期间的隐性失血量及术后的显性失血量。传统NSAIDs具有抑制血小板聚集的作用,术前应用有可能增加TKA术中、术后出血的风险及影响麻醉方式的选择,然而选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布由于不影响结构酶COX-1的活性,不会干扰血小板和凝血因子的功能[17]。并且TKA围手术期使用塞来昔布能够减少止血药用量,并不增加围术期总失血量、引流量与输血率[4,5,18];Ghosh等[19]研究认为服用塞来昔布可能造成外科术后高凝状态;Akhtar等[20]指出术前口服塞来昔布对TKA患者术后出凝血机能无显著性影响,并且与传统NSAIDs相比,未见塞来昔布引起严重心血管血栓栓塞事件的增加[21]。因此,TKA术前应用塞来昔布不仅能够起到有效的超前镇痛作用,而且并发症少、安全有效。
TKA术前应用塞来昔布的方案尚未统一,Huang等[4]建议在术前1 h给予行TKA患者一次性口服塞来昔布400 mg。Akhtar等[20]在行TKA的患者麻醉诱导前40 min给予口服塞来昔布100 mg。Dalury等[22]建议在TKA术前2 d服用塞来昔布,每日400 mg。Reuben等[23]在TKA术前7 d开始给予患者口服塞来昔布,每日2次,每次100 mg,术前1~2 h再口服400 mg。以上研究表明,仍需更大样本量的多中心研究来明确TKA术前应用塞来昔布的最佳剂量及时间,以便达到最佳的临床效果。
TKA手术创伤及应用止血带导致的缺血再灌注损伤可引起明显的炎症反应,导致炎性介质和致痛物质如花生四烯酸、血栓素、P物质、H+、K+、5-HT和组胺的释放,它们除了直接致痛之外,还可使COX-2表达大量增加,使得花生四烯酸转变为前列腺素,引起外周的伤害感受器敏感性增加,即外周痛觉超敏。同时,也引起中枢COX-2表达上调,PG增加,提高脊髓后角神经的兴奋性,造成中枢痛觉超敏。形成中枢和外周痛觉超敏后,患者的疼痛阈值降低,感觉疼痛[22]。选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布可同时抑制外周与中枢的致痛机制,从而有效缓解TKA术后疼痛[24,25]。
已有大量研究证实TKA术后短期(3~10 d)应用塞来昔布可以有效地减少阿片类药物使用剂量及其并发症,缓解TKA术后患者疼痛,改善膝关节活动度,促进功能恢复,提高患者对手术的满意度,缩短住院时间[3-6,26]。Mammoto等[27]的研究方案为术后2 h即刻给予400 mg口服,6 h后再次给予200 mg,之后每日2次,每次200 mg,直到术后第7日。Huang等[4]的研究方案为TKA术后5 d口服塞来昔布每日2次,每次200 mg。Reuben等[23]纳入200例行TKA的患者进行随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验,实验组患者TKA术后连续口服塞来昔布10 d,每日2次,每次200 mg。Andersen等[28]的方案对50例行单侧TKA患者实施多模式镇痛方案,其中实验组术前早晨口服塞来昔布200 mg,服用至术后7 d,每日2次,每次200 mg,能够减少吗啡用量,促进膝关节功能恢复。在TKA术后多模式疼痛管理策略中,塞来昔布起到重要的作用。有研究指出在TKA术前1 d口服400 mg塞来昔布和0.2 mg曲马多,术后继续服用1个月能够减少单一用药剂量以及相应的副作用,患者恢复良好[29]。在TKA术后2周内联合应用肌肉松弛剂乙哌立松和塞来昔布(塞来昔布每日2次,每次300 mg,乙哌立松每日3次,每次150 mg)能够减少吗啡用量,降低VAS疼痛评分,提高膝关节活动度,较单纯使用塞来昔布效果更佳[18]。Karam等[30]指出,与TKA术后应用芬太尼镇痛泵及口服阿片类药物比较,由对乙酰氨基酚、塞来昔布及γ-氨基丁酸受体激动剂普瑞巴林组成的多模式镇痛方案不仅能够减少阿片类药物剂量,还能降低TKA术后患者的发热概率,减轻医生工作负担。另有研究[31]指出在TKA术前联合应用普瑞巴林和塞来昔布,与单一应用塞来昔布比较,能够明显减少行TKA患者术后48 h内吗啡使用剂量以及术后12 h的疼痛评分。因此,制订出一种联合塞来昔布的个体化多模式镇痛方案对TKA围手术期患者的康复尤为重要。
然而由于疼痛、肿胀以及肌肉力量的恢复,TKA术后的康复常需经历几个月的时间,选择一种安全、有效并可以长期使用的止痛药物对TKA患者术后的远期恢复至关重要。Meunier等[16]对50例TKA患者进行随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究,试验组患者术后连续3周口服塞来昔布每日2次,每次200 mg,对照组给予安慰剂,两组患者术后失血量无显著性差异,术后4周塞来昔布组疼痛评分降低30%,吗啡使用剂量明显减少,术后1年随访未见塞来昔布的相关不良反应。William等[32]的一项关于107例TKA的研究指出,实验组53例在行TKA术后每日服用400 mg塞来昔布,出院后口服塞来昔布每日2次,每次200 mg,连续服用6周;对照组服用同等剂量安慰剂。统计结果显示实验组患者TKA术后静息、活动时疼痛评分以及阿片类止痛药剂量均明显低于对照组,膝关节活动度以及功能评分都高于对照组,并且术后1年随访的结果显示实验组膝关节活动度仍优于对照组。Dalury等[22]对行TKA的患者出院后每日服用200 mg塞来昔布,持续6周,出院后膝关节疼痛明显缓解。TKA术后应用塞来昔布对患者出凝血机能无显著性影响[4,5,18,20];与传统NSAIDs比较,无上消化道并发症,具备较高的胃肠道安全性[2,33]。并且塞来昔布仅抑制致炎前列腺素的产生,不会干扰具有维持骨愈合作用前列腺素的产生,不会增加TKA术后假体无菌性松动的风险[34,35]。另有研究指出,塞来昔布并不抑制TKA患者术后膝关节假体与骨界面的骨长入与骨形成过程[36]。
TKA术后长期应用塞来昔布同样安全、有效,但几乎所有NSAIDs药物长期使用都会增加心血管毒性[13],应避免在有心肌缺血、中风、充血性心力衰竭及近期行冠状动脉搭桥手术病史的患者中使用COX-2抑制剂[22],用药后常见的不良反应有头痛、头晕、乏力、失眠、多虑以及皮肤并发症[13]。有报道指出塞来昔布还可能引起液体潴留与肾功能损害[37],应给予足够重视。
综上,TKA围手术期使用选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布的镇痛效果明显,提高膝关节活动度,利于膝关节功能恢复,并且副作用较少。然而TKA术后疼痛是由多种因素造成的,骨科医师仍需采取综合的镇痛方案来减少TKA术后疼痛,并掌握塞来昔布的应用时机以及剂量。塞来昔布在TKA围手术期的最佳治疗剂量及使用时间仍需进一步研究确定,以制订出TKA围手术期联合塞来昔布的多模式、个体化的镇痛方案。
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Application status of celecoxib for pain management during total knee arthroplasty
MAJinhui1,GUO Wanshou2*,CHENG Liming2
(1.Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine,Beijing 100029;2.Center for Osteonecrosis and Joint Preserving&Reconstruction,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Peking University China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China)
】Total knee arthroplasty(TKA)has been proven to be one of the most successful surgical procedure,which can alleviate pain,correct deformity,and improve quality of life.Postoperative pain is a common complication.Preoperative administration of celecoxib can induce preemptive analgesia,has no effects on serum thromboxane or platelet functions,and does not impact the selection of anesthetization.Postoperative administration of celecoxib can decrease narcotic consumption and its adverse effect,increase the range of motion,promote the functional recovery,and shorten length of hospital stay. After discharge,the use of celecoxib has higher gastrointestinal safety with less complications and improve long-term recovery after TKA.Perioperative administration of celecoxib was reviewed in TKAin this article.
2095-9958(2016)08-0351-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2016.04-18
郭万首,E-mail:guowanshou@263.net