·临床研究·
胸腰椎爆裂骨折椎体后壁与椎弓根关系的CT观察
邓海涛,王清
作者单位:615000四川,凉山彝族自治州第二人民医院骨科
【摘要】目的探讨胸腰椎(T11~L2)爆裂骨折(thoracolumbar burst fracture,TLBF)椎体后壁与椎弓根的关系及临床意义。方法根据CT扫描观察伤椎椎体后壁与椎弓根的联系并将其分为5种类型, 通过X线片测量各型椎体前缘的压缩百分比、后凸Cobb角,CT薄层横断面扫描测量各种类型椎管占位程度,MRI评估各类型后方韧带复合体的损伤情况,对各种类型的脊髓损伤程度按美国脊髓损伤协会(American spinal injury association, ASIA)标准分级,分析椎体后壁与椎弓根的关系及其与各观察指标的相关性。结果本组患者100例,A型19例;B型9例;C型10例;D型35例;E型27例,除无连接型外完整及部分连接共73例。A~D型与E型ASIA分级比较差异有统计学意义,即椎体后壁与双侧椎弓根无联系的患者脊髓损伤更严重,A~D型椎体后壁与椎弓根完全或部分相连对脊髓有较好的保护作用。椎体后壁与双侧椎弓根或单侧椎弓根连接的患者椎管占位程度较轻,而椎体后壁与双侧椎弓根无连接及与椎弓根上方/下方皮质连接的患者椎管占位程度较重。结论大多数TLBF患者椎体后壁与椎弓根有完整及部分连接,椎体后壁与椎弓根有连接的患者脊柱生物力学更稳定。
【关键词】胸椎; 腰椎; 脊柱骨折; 放射摄影影像解释,计算机辅助
作者简介:邓海涛(1981—), 硕士,主治医师
【中图分类号】R 683.2
DOI【】
收稿日期:(2014-07-11)
Relationship between posterior vertebral wall and pedicles in thoracolumbar burst fracture:clinical study based on CT scans.DENGHai-tao,WANGQing.DepartmentofOrthopaedics,SecondPeople’sHospitalofLiangshanYiAutonomousPrefecture,Xichang615000,Sichuan,China
Abstract【】ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between posterior vertebral wall (PVW) and vertebral pedicle(VP) in thoracolumbar burst fracture(TLBF). MethodsInjuried vertebrae of TLBF were divided into 5 type based on the relationship between PVW and VP, according to the axial high defination CT scans and radiographic reconstruction models. Anterior vertebral compression degree and the kyphotic Cobb’s angle were measured by X-ray; the degree of spinal cord compression was evaluated based on the axial CT scans; the injury of posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) was assessed according to MRI scans, while the spinal cord injury was classified by American spinal injury association(ASIA) scores. The relationship between PVW and VP and the correlation of it with other parameters were examined. ResultsTotally, 100 patients with TLBF were recruited according to the inclusion criteria. There were 19 cases in type A;9 in type B; 10 in type C; 35 in type D (35%); 27 in type E. The existence of connection between PVW and VP was found in 73 cases. Compare with type E, type A-D displayed statistical differences in terms of ASIA score. The spinal cord injury was more serious when the VP were not connected with PVW, there was a lesser degree of spinal cord compression when PVW were connected with bilateral or unilateral VP. ConclusionIn most thoracolumbar burst fractures, the VP are connected with PVW either completely or partially. The spine biomechanics is more stable when the VP are connected with PVW.
【Key words】Thoracic vertebrae; Lumbar vertebrae; Spinal fractures; Radiographic image interpretation, computer-assisted
J Spinal Surg, 2015,13(3):167-170
1983年Denis等[1]对412例胸腰椎骨折病例观察后提出了新的脊柱稳定概念,其认为脊柱临床稳定性由三柱维持,而不是Holdsworth[2]提出的两柱。Denis B型骨折在脊柱骨折中发生率高,伴神经损伤多见,影像学观察发现神经损伤多由椎体后壁(posterior vertebral wall,PVW)骨折块压迫脊髓引起[3]。目前的胸腰椎骨折分类系统从Holdsworth[2]的两柱理论到Denis等[1]的三柱理论,从McCormack等[4]提出的载荷分享评分系统到Vaccaro等[5]提出的胸腰段损伤分型及评分系统等对骨折的损伤机制、形态学,后方韧带复合体(posterior ligamentous complex, PLC)损伤等进行了详细的研究。本研究对Denis B型胸腰椎(T11~L2)爆裂骨折(thoracolumbar burst fracture,TLBF)的PVW与椎弓根(vertebral pedicle,VP)的关系及临床意义作初步观察。
1临床资料
1.1一般资料
选择泸州医学院附属医院脊柱外科2007年5月~2010年10月收治的TLBF患者157例,观察PVW与VP的关系。纳入标准:①病历资料及影像学资料完整(胸腰椎正侧位X线片,骨折部位CT平扫及三维重建,全脊柱MRI),②均为Denis B型TLBF,③受伤时间<3周。排除标准:①骨折脱位、Chance骨折及压缩骨折,②合并脊柱其他部位骨折,引起神经功能障碍,③严重骨质疏松、先天性畸形、肿瘤及骨病,④病历资料及影像资料不完整或不清晰。符合纳入标准的患者100例,其中男83例,女17例。年龄17~66岁,平均年龄42岁。损伤部位:T114例,T1226例,L148例,L222例;其中车祸伤35例,高处坠落伤54例,压砸伤11例;合并脑外伤5例,胸部外伤11例,腹部闭合性损伤4例,骨盆及四肢骨折8例;
1.2观察方法及CT分型
TLBF影像学资料由一位放射科医师和一位10年以上工作经验脊柱外科医师共同阅片,PVW定义为椎体后缘前方5~8 mm,通过CT薄层横断面扫描及三维重建观察伤椎PVW与VP的关系,并将其分为5型:A型,PVW与VP解剖关系正常;B型,单侧椎弓根骨折,PVW与另一侧VP相连;C型,PVW与双侧VP的上方皮质相连;D型,PVW与双侧VP的下方皮质相连;E型,PVW与双侧VP均不相连(见图1)。通过侧位X线片测量椎体前缘压缩百分比、后凸Cobb角。通过CT薄层横断面扫描测量椎管占位程度,通过病史及MRI评估PLC的损伤情况,PLC无损伤63例,部分损伤20例,完全断裂17例。根据神经损害体征对脊髓损伤程度按美国脊髓损伤协会(American spinal injury association, ASIA)标准[6]分级:A级12例,B级3例,C及12例,D级15例,E及58例。分析各组椎体前缘压缩百分比、后凸Cobb角、椎管占位程度、PLC的损伤情况及脊髓损伤程度的相关性。
a:PVW定义为椎体后缘前方5~8 mmb,c:PVW与VP解剖关系正常d,e:单侧VP骨折,PVW与另一侧VP相连f~h:PVW与双侧VP上方皮质相连i~k:PVW与双侧VP下方皮质相连l,m:PVW与双侧VP均不相连
a:PVW is defined as vertebral border 5-8 mm in front of posterior borderb,c:Normal view of PVW and bilateral VPd,e:Unilateral VP is fractured while the contra-lateral VP was still connected to PVWf-h:Upper half VP is intact and remaining VP is connected to PVWi-k:Lower half VP is intact and remaining VP is connected to PVWl,m:Fractures of bilateral VP result in disassociation from PVW
图1PVW与VP关系分型
Fig.1Relationship between PVW and VP
1.3统计学方法
2结果
本组患者100例,A型19例;B型9例;C型10例;D型35例;E型27例。除E型外PVW与VP完全及部分连接共73例。A~E型与ASIA分级总体上有相关性, A~D型分别与E型比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而A、B、C、D型之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),即PVW与双侧VP无联系的患者脊髓损伤更严重,PVW与VP无骨折、单侧VP与PVW相连、PVW与VP的上方皮质或下方皮质相连都对脊髓有很好的保护作用(见表1)。A~E型与椎管占位程度总体上有相关性,两两比较发现A、B型间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),C、D、E型间差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05);而A、B型分别与C、D、E型比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),即PVW与双侧或单侧VP连接的患者椎管占位程度较轻,而PVW与双侧VP无连接或与VP上方或下方皮质连接的患者椎管占位程度较重(见表2)。A~E型与PLC的损伤情况、椎体前缘压缩百分比、后凸Cobb角(见表2,3)无相关性。
表1 A~E型与脊髓损伤ASIA评分的关系
表2 各型椎管占位程度、椎体压缩程度及后凸角测量
注:* 与A型相比,P<0.05;▲与B型相比,P<0.05
Note:* Compared with type A,P<0.05; ▲Compared with type B,P<0.05
表3 各型PLC损伤观察
3讨论
3.1TLBF中PVW与VP关系的流行病学调查
TLBF是脊柱骨折中一种常见的类型,约占54.7%[7],按Denis分型所述,中柱的破坏导致骨折块向椎管内突出压迫脊髓使神经功能受损,随着多层螺旋CT及其后处理技术的发展进步,许多学者对突入椎管骨块的形态、大小、椎管占位程度、神经压迫来源等有了一定认识[8],这对手术入路、减压方式选择提供了重要参考,也为本研究观察TLBF中PVW与VP的关系提供了技术支持。在胸腰椎骨折中,压缩骨折、骨折脱位及Chance骨折的PVW与VP大都保持完整或部分连接,而新鲜的TLBF中
PVW与VP的关系目前仍缺乏临床观察。本研究通过100例TLBF患者骨折椎体的CT薄层扫描及三维重建观察到伤椎PVW与VP之间无骨折占19%;单侧VP与PVW之间骨折,PVW与另一侧VP相连占9%;PVW与VP的上方皮质相连占10%;PVW与VP的下方皮质相连占35%;PVW与VP无连接占27%。亦即73%患者VP与PVW完全或部分连接,且PVW与VP下方皮质连接最常见。也就是说大多数TLBF患者作为后柱的VP与作为中柱的伤椎残余椎体有力学行为,统计分析也显示VP与椎体无连接的患者椎管占位更多、脊髓损伤更重。
3.2PVW与VP的完整性对脊柱生物力学的影响
脊柱胸腰段的生物力学行为主要表现在应力的传导,完成脊柱在三维空间的生理活动及对脊髓神经根的保护[9],胸腰椎骨折分类系统从Holdsworth[2]的两柱理论到Denis等[1]的三柱理论,从McCormack等[4]提出的载荷分享评分系统到Vaccaro等[5]提出的TLICS都对脊柱的生物力学稳定性做了详细的研究[10],分别强调了前柱、中柱及后柱结构对脊柱稳定性的重要作用,其都是将三柱看成独立单元分别阐述其对脊柱稳定性的影响,而未将中后柱联系起来,早在Denis[3]前Decoulx等[11]就提出PVW对维持脊柱稳定具有重要意义,而脊柱胸腰段PVW与VP是联系椎体中后柱的桥梁,也是TLBF中受力的薄弱区[12],因此PVW与VP的完整性对维持脊柱的机械及神经稳定有重要意义。本研究提示PVW与VP有完整及部分链接的患者脊髓损伤更轻,椎管占位程度更小,说明受伤瞬间完整的PVW与VP连接对脊髓、神经根具有良好保护作用,脊柱更稳定。因此对于TLBF中PVW与VP有联系的患者来说,无论前后路手术都应该保留PVW与VP的联系,提高术后脊柱的稳定性,张俊杰等[13]的生物力学研究提示保留PVW的颈椎椎体次全切除减压术后颈椎生物力学稳定性较不保留后壁为高, Groff等[14]认为保留PVW可以增加术后颈椎的稳定性,刘浩等[15]、王清等[16-17]等采用保留PVW的前路技术治疗TLBF也保留了PVW与VP的连接,增加了脊椎中后柱的稳定性,因此可以看出手术保留未破坏的PVW与VP完整性同样可提高术后脊柱的稳定性。
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