许庆辉 郭军110000辽宁省沈阳维康医院
母乳性黄疸新生儿92例临床分析
许庆辉郭军
110000辽宁省沈阳维康医院
目的:总结母乳性黄疸综合征的发病率及发病规律以及母乳性黄疸是否对新生儿神经、精神系统发育有远期影响等。方法:研究对象必须完全符合母乳性黄疸的诊断依据,足月儿、体重≥2 500 g,母乳无代谢疾病或感染性疾病,确诊后每2 d测1次血清胆红素。轻度感染黄疸临床观察;中度黄疸予以停止母乳喂养至黄疸减轻,以及之后继续母乳喂养的胆红素水平观察;血清未结合胆红素≥342μmol/L时给予光疗,并分为停止母乳喂养组及继续母乳喂养组,观察两组有无差异性,观察母乳性黄疸的预后。结果:母乳性黄疸多发生在生后4~8 d,黄疸峰值多出现在生后2~3周,停母乳喂养48~72 h,黄疸指数可明显下降,继续哺乳黄疸可重复出现,但不会达到原有水平。光疗时停止母乳喂养组与继续母乳喂养组胆红素下降速度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。92例患儿中除3例有烦躁、哭闹表现外,无一例核黄疸出现,无神经、精神系统损伤。结论:母乳性黄疸基本预后良好,应提倡早发现、早治疗。轻度母乳性黄疸可观察,中度者可以暂停母乳喂养,对于重度的患儿须光疗,但不必要求停止母乳喂养。
高未结合胆红素血症;母乳性黄疸;光疗;胆红素峰值
我院在1996年2月-1999年2月3年间出生了704名新生儿,其母乳性黄疸的发病情况见表1。
研究对象为足月儿(>37周),体重>2 500 g,排除产妇患有代谢性疾病或感染性疾病,排除新生儿生理性黄疸、ABO溶血、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症、败血症、窒息等。确诊患儿必须符合以下条件:①完全母乳喂养,生后48 h出现黄疸,持续的时间>2周;②血清胆红素以未结合胆红素升高为主;③排除病理性黄疸;④除黄疸表现外其余发育正常;⑤停止母乳喂养3~5 d后黄疸减轻,继续哺乳黄疸复现。92例患儿当中,男孩53例,女孩39例。
表1 患儿母乳性黄疸的发病情况(例)
342μmol/L的41例患儿暂停母乳喂养2~4 d监测胆红素水平,前2 d胆红素水平下降为(35±21)μmol/L,第4天下降为(80±5)μmol/L,如此时继续母乳喂养则黄疸又复发出现,但胆红素水平较原水平明显下降;胆红素≥342μmol/L的24例重度黄疸患儿给予光疗,其中9例停用母乳喂养,24 h胆红素下降(62.5±29)mol/L,15例治疗期间继续母乳喂养,24 h胆红素下降(61.5±35)mol/L(P>0.05),重症母乳性黄疸患儿若使胆红素峰值<205.2μmol/L,停止母乳喂养者所需光疗时间(35±11)h,继续母乳喂养所需光疗时间(36.5±10)h(P>0.05)。
实验室检查:母婴血常规检查均正常,肝功正常,血清胆红素均以未结合胆红素增高明显。胆红素出现的日龄:2~4 d 52例,5~9 d 38例,>9 d 2例;胆红素峰值分布情况:≤205.2 μmol/L 27例;205.2~342μmol/L 41例;>342μmol/L 24例。
92例患儿黄疸消退的时间:2~3周23例,1~2个月45例,>2个月24例,其中3例患儿在黄疸峰值时,有哭闹和烦躁的表现,但无一例核黄疸。几年来观察无明显神经、精神系统受累。远期智力有无影响还有待观察。
新生儿黄疸是新生儿期最常见的并发症,尤其在生后2周内,大约50%的足月儿和80%的早产儿均可发生,近几年来由于普及母婴同室及母乳喂养,我院的母乳性黄疸的发病率有逐年上升的趋势,目前其发病机制尚不十分清楚,一般认为:①可能与患儿肝脏内二磷酸尿苷葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDPGT)受抑制有关,Arias和Beran曾经提出母乳的孕-3α、20β-二醇及非酯化脂肪酸竞争性抑制肝脏内UDPGT致使未结合胆红素转化为结合胆红素能力下降。②胆红素肠肝循环增加,肝细胞摄取未结合胆红素在UDPGT催化下,结合胆红素随胆汁分泌入小肠,结合胆红素是酯化物,基本不被肠道黏膜吸收,母乳喂养可使葡萄糖醛酸转移酶的酯链断裂,大量产生未结合胆红素,致使未结合胆红素回吸收增加。③近来又有报道称β-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶增高是母乳性黄疸的重要原因。
根据我院近年来的研究,总结出母乳性黄疸的发生日龄多在4~8 d,黄疸峰值多发生在生后第3周,胆红素范围多在150~450μmol/L。对于轻、中度黄疸观察治疗时可以继续母乳喂养,胆红素浓度可以逐渐降低;对于重度黄疸儿要及时光疗,停止母乳喂养与继续母乳喂养胆红素下降速度无明显差异。新生儿母乳性黄疸预后良好,无核黄疸发生。
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观察及干预:92例母乳性黄疸患儿均予以密切观察,27例血清胆红素≤205.2μmol/L的轻度黄疸儿继续母乳喂养,监测胆红素水平;胆红素205.2~
Clinicalanalysison 92 newborn w ith breastm ilk jaundice
Xu Qinghui,GuoJun
Weikang HospitalofShenyang City,Liaoning Province 110000
Objective:Tomake a summary about the incidence ofmilk breast jaundice syndromeand pathogenesis regularity,and breastmilk jaundice whether has a long-term effect on neonatal nerve and spirit system development and so on.Methods:Main research object should be completely suitable with the diagnosis ofmike breast jaundice,full term,weight≥2 500 g,mothers also have nometabolic diseases or infectious diseases,babies need to be tested the serum bilirubin once after diagnosing every two days.Ifbabies infectmild jaundice,they should be observed clinically.Ifbabies infectmoderate jaundice,theirmothers should stop breastfeeding until jaundice alleviation.Then the level of bilirubin should be observed after continuing breastfeeding.Babies should take phototherapywhen serum does not combinewith bilirubin≥342μmol/L together.In this condition,itwas divided into two groups,breast feeding stopping group and breastfeeding continuity group,and we observed the differences of these two groups, and BMJ changes.Results:Babies usually have BMJ after they were born 4~8 d;jaundice is easy to appear a peak after 2~3 weeks.If breastfeeding could be stopped 48~72 h,jaundice should be obvious reduce.Ifmothers continue to breastfeed babies, jaundice would be appearance again.But jaundice cannot reach the previous level.There have no obvious differences(P>0.05)between breastfeeding stopping group and breastfeeding continuity group on the speed ofbilirubin decrease.In 92 children cases, except three irritable and crying babies,noboby has nuclear jaundice,and nerve and spiritsystem damage.Conclusion:In basic,it is a good phenomenon aboutbreastmilk jaundice changes.Nevertheless,breastmilk jaundice needs to be found and treatmentearly.Mild BMJ patientsmight be observed clinically;moderate patients should stop breastfeeding temporarily;severe patientsmust acceptphototherapy,butmothers do notneed to stop breastfeeding.
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia;Breastmilk jaundice;Phototherapy;Bilirubin peak资料与方法
10.3969/j.issn.1007-614x.2015.12.41