黄婷婷 张勇 罗璨 卢祖能
帕金森病患者快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍临床特征及相关因素☆
黄婷婷*张勇*罗璨*卢祖能*
目的 分析伴快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(REM sleep behavior disorder,RBD)帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者的临床特征,探讨RBD的相关因素。方法 连续入组PD患者63例,根据REM睡眠行为异常问卷-香港版(RBDQ-HK)分为PD+RBD组(n=28)和PD-RBD组(n=35)。采用统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn&Yahr(H-Y)分级比较两组运动症状严重程度;采用非运动症状问卷(NMS±quest)比较非运动症状发生情况;采用蒙特利尔认知评估(MOCA)、贝克焦虑量表(BAI)、贝克抑郁量表(BDI)、Epworth嗜睡评分量表(ESS)比较认知、焦虑、抑郁和日间思睡等情况。结果 PD患者中RBD发生率为44.4%(28/63),PD+RBD组病程显著长于PD-RBD组(χ2=12.733,P=0.002),年龄更大(t=-2.292,P=0.025),H-Y分级更高(χ2=7.014,P= 0.008),但在性别、发病年龄、起病类型、左旋多巴等效剂量上两组差异无统计学意义;在运动症状方面,PD+ RBD组UPDRSⅡ、Ⅲ评分更高(t=-2.734,P=0.008;U=3.329,P=0.001);在非运动症状方面,PD+RBD组胃肠道功能及睡眠障碍、精神相关症状等方面发生率均显著高于PD-RBD组(P<0.05),焦虑及抑郁在PD+RBD组中更常见(χ2=3.958,P=0.047;χ2=10.338,P=0.001),但在认知功能、日间思睡上两组差异无统计学意义。此外,便秘(OR=7.257)、长病程(OR=5.389)、高UPDRSⅢ评分(OR=1.060)与PD患者RBD相关。结论 病程更长、年龄更大、运动症状及非运动症状受累更严重的PD患者易伴发RBD。便秘、长病程、高UPDRSⅢ评分可能是RBD的危险因素。
REM睡眠行为障碍 帕金森病 临床特征 相关因素
快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,RBD)是以REM睡眠期肌肉弛缓现象消失,并伴随与梦境相关的复杂运动为特征的发作性疾病,常见于帕金森病、多系统萎缩、路易体痴呆(Dementia with Lewy body,DLB)等神经退行性疾病中[1]。目前认为,RBD与神经系统变性疾病密切相关,部分RBD早于运动症状数十年出现,有望成为早期预测神经系统变性疾病的重要指标,以期早期启动神经保护治疗[2]。目前RBD的发生机制及其相关因素仍不明确,本研究通过比较PD患者中RBD组及非RBD组的临床特征,以加深对RBD的认识,更好地管理和治疗RBD。
1.1研究对象连续入组2014年2月至2015年4月就诊武汉大学人民医院神经内科的PD患者。入组标准:①诊断符合英国帕金森病脑库(the United kingdom Parkinson Disease Society,UKPDS)临床诊断标准[3-4];②Hoehn&Yahr(H-Y)分级1~5级;③受教育程度小学以上,能独立完成问卷调查;④签署知情同意书。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1资料收集一般资料包括性别、年龄、家族史、既往史、抗PD药物种类和剂量等。由专科医生对患者行H-Y分级评分、统一帕金森病评定量表(Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale,UPDRS)及蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MOCA)评定,由患者本人或家属帮助下完成REM睡眠行为异常问卷-香港版(REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire,RBDQ-HK)、贝克焦虑量表(Beck Anxiety Inventory,BAI)、贝克抑郁量表(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)、Epworth嗜睡评分量表(Epworth Sleep Scale,ESS)和非运动症状问卷(Non motor symptoms questionnaire,NMS-quest)等量表。
1.2.2分组根据RBDQ-HK分为伴发RBD组(PD+RBD组)及不伴发RBD组(PD-RBD组)。RBDQ-HK总分为0~100分,当总分临界值为17分时可有效筛查PD患者的RBD,其敏感性为85%,特异性为81%[5]。参照国际睡眠障碍分类标准(ICSD-Ⅲ)[6]中RBD临床最低诊断标准,根据RBDQ-HK总分≥17分考虑临床伴发RBD。
1.3统计学方法 应用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料中符合正态分布的样本间差异分析采用t检验,资料以±s表示,非正态分布样本及方差不齐样本间差异分析采用Mann-Whitney U非参数检验方法,资料以中位数±四分位数间距表示;计数资料行卡方(χ2)检验,资料以率(%)表示;采用非条件多因素Logistic回归分析RBD的相关因素。检验水准α=0.05。
2.1一般情况 共纳入63例PD患者,年龄(63.57± 10.29),其中男34例,女29例,PD病程(4.80±6.03)年;H-Y分级(2.00±1.00)级;首发症状以静止性震颤(54.0%)最常见,其次为运动迟缓(36.4%);抑郁(52.4%)较焦虑(36.5%)常见(表1)。在非运动症状方面,不宁腿发生率最高(69.8%),而体重变化发生率最低(12.7%)(表2)。PD+RBD组28例,PD病程(6.88±8.81)年,H-Y分级(3.20±1.17);PD-RBD组35例,PD病程(3.30±3.69)年,H-Y分级(2.61±1.11),RBD发生率为44.4%。
2.2临床特征 比较两组的基本特征、运动症状及非运动症状,结果显示PD+RBD组患者年龄较PD-RBD组大(P=0.025),病程显著长于PD-RBD组(P=0.002);在运动症状方面,PD+RBD组UPDRSⅡ(P=0.008)、Ⅲ(P=0.001)评分更高,H-Y分级更高(P=0.008);在非运动症状方面,PD+RBD组中胃肠道功能及睡眠障碍、精神相关症状的发生率均显著高于PD-RBD组(P<0.05)。PD+RBD组焦虑(P=0.047)、抑郁(P=0.001)的发生率均高于PD-RBD组(表1、2)。
表1 临床特征
2.3PD患者RBD的相关因素分析 选择单因素Logistic回归有统计学意义的自变量进行非条件Logistic回归分析,结果显示便秘(OR=7.257)、长病程(OR=5.389)、高UPDRSⅢ评分(OR=1.060)与PD患者RBD密切相关(表3)。
RBD常见于50岁以上人群,临床表现为深睡眠状态下出现大喊大叫或拳打脚踢等异常言语和动作。明确诊断RBD需通过视频-多导睡眠仪(vPSG)证明REM睡眠期反复出现的复杂行为及发声,同时伴随肌肉迟缓现象消失。最近的一项Meta分析显示PD患者中RBD的患病率为37%[8]。运用vPSG诊断RBD时,其患病率(46%~58%)明显高于依靠临床病史诊断(15%~46%)[9]。本研究结果显示PD患者RBD的发病率为44.4%,与以上报道相近。本研究发现,伴RBD的PD患者与不伴RBD的PD患者相比,年龄更大且病程更长,可能提示随着病程的延长,PD患者RBD的患病率增加。此外,有研究称,RBD可加速突触核蛋白病的疾病进展[10],尤其是运动症状;本研究中PD+RBD组UPDRSⅡ、Ⅲ评分及H-Y分级明显高于PD-RBD组,与Sixel-Döring等[11-12]研究结果一致。但当PD患者年龄<50岁时,RBD很少加速其病情进展速度[13]。在非运动症状方面,PD+RBD组在胃肠道功能障碍、精神相关症状及睡眠障碍方面的发生率均显著高于PD-RBD组,提示RBD的出现可能促进非运动症状的发生,伴RBD的PD患者病变部位可能较不伴RBD的PD患者更广泛。
表2 非运动症状发生率比较
表3 PD患者RBD相关因素的Logistic(多因素)回归分析
本研究通过Logistic回归分析发现便秘、长病程、高UPDRSⅢ评分与RBD密切相关。自主神经功能症状和体征在PD患者中十分常见,其发生与病程早期突触核蛋白在迷走神经背核以及周围神经节后交感神经组织中沉积相关[14]。有研究发现,伴发嗅觉障碍、自主神经功能障碍如便秘等的RBD患者,发展为PD的概率更大[15]。目前认为,REM睡眠期肌肉迟缓现象消失主要由脑干病变引起,而皮质功能障碍则可导致异常、充满暴力的梦境[16]。运用弥散张量成像及基于体素的形态测量学探测RBD患者,常可发现被盖及脑桥的异常,而这些区域与控制REM睡眠期相关[17]。随着PD病程的延长,神经系统变性区域由黑质逐渐扩展至脑干及皮层,导致RBD发生率增加,或使处于亚临床状态的RBD症状变得明显。研究显示,RBD在病程长、具有严重运动症状及非运动症状的PD患者中更常见[18]。
对PD患者应常规运用相关量表进行筛查,特别是便秘、病程长、UPDRSⅢ评分高的患者,以对RBD等睡眠障碍进行干预。睡前30 min口服小剂量氯硝西泮(0.25~4 mg)对控制RBD症状具有良好效果,且能减少睡眠相关受伤的发生[19]。
本研究的主要缺陷是样本量较小,且未采用多导睡眠图诊断RBD,未能纳入症状轻微或亚临床的RBD患者。仍需采用多导睡眠图进一步研究RBD的临床特征及相关因素,探讨经颅磁刺激对改善PD患者RBD的疗效。
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Clinical features and correlative factors of Parkinson’s disease patients with REM sleep behavior disorder.
HUANG Tingting,ZHANG Yong,LUO Can,LU Zuneng.Department of Neurology,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,No.238,Jiefang Road,Wuhan430060,China.Tel:027-88041911-87982.
Objective To analyze the clinical features of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(RBD)in patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and investigate correlative factors of RBD.Methods Sixty-three consecutive PD patients were included and classified into PD+RBD group(n=28)and PD-RBD group(n=35)according to REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire(RBDQ-HK).The degree of motor symptoms was compared using Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS)and Hoehn&Yahr(H-Y)grade,the incidence of non motor symptoms was compared using non motor symptoms questionnaire(NMSquest),and the cognitive function,anxiety,depression,daytime sleep were compared using Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MOCA),Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI),Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Epworth Sleep Scale(ESS)between the two groups.Results The incidence of RBD in PD patients was 44.4%(28/63). There were longer illness course(χ2=12.733,P=0.002),older age(t=-2.292,P=0.025),and higher H-Y grades(χ2=7.014,P=0.008)in PD+RBD group,compared with those in PD-RBD group,but there were no significant differences in sex,onset age,onset form and levodapa dose equivalents(LDE)between the two groups.There were higher UPDRSⅡ,Ⅲscores(t=-2.734,P=0.008;U=3.329,P=0.001)in PD+RBD group.Most of the non motor symptoms,including the gastrointestinal dysfunctions,psychiatric comorbidity and sleep disturbances were more frequent in PD+RBD group(P<0.05),and the incidence of anxiety and depression were higher(χ2=3.958,P=0.047;χ2=10.338,P=0.001),whereas there were no significant differences in cognitive function and daytime sleep between the two groups.In addition,constipation(OR=7.257),illness course(OR=5.389),UPDRSⅢscores(OR=1.060)were correlative with RBD in PD patients.Conclusion PD patients with longer illness course,older ages,and severe motor and non motor symptoms more likely suffer from RBD.Besides,constipation,long illness course and high UPDRSⅢscores may be risk factors of RBD.
REM sleep behavior disorder Parkinson’s disease Clinical featuresCorrelative factors
R742.5
A
2015-04-27)
(责任编辑:李立)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2015.11.006
☆ 湖北省卫计委重点项目(编号:WJ2015MA007);武汉市科技局2015年应用基础研究计划项目(编号:2015060101010047)
*武汉大学人民医院神经内科(武汉 430060)