洪令凯
摘 要: 本文是继2014年对2008年至2011年的英语专业四级考试词汇语法试题中新题型解析之后,对2012年至2014年的语法考题进行的分析,进一步探讨学生失分的各种原因,同时提出更具体的教学备考策略。
关键词: 专四 词汇语法 试题解析 备考策略
一、引言
英语专业四级考试(TEM-4)是全国高等院校英语专业基础阶段考试,是高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会主持实施的全国性考试。
根据《高校英语专业四级考试大纲》,专四考试涵盖六大部分:听写、听力理解、完形填空、语法与词汇、阅读理解和写作。2015年新学年伊始,专四迎来了十年来的再一次改革,词汇和语法题删减到20题,并改名为Language Knowledge,原则上语法和词汇仍旧各占50%,看似题量减少了,但总分从原来的15分增加到20分,考试时间缩短为10分钟,所以实际上是要求提高了,更应引起同学们的注意。语法考点主要包括名词、限定词、代词、从句及其他;词汇量要求在5500~6000,重点考查异形近义词、异形异义词、近形异义词各种词的搭配及习惯表达。多项选择是主要的考查形式,即在所给的四个选项中选择一个正确答案,这就要求出题者注意每一选择题只能给予一个正确答案。然而,英语专业四级考题,尤其是词汇语法部分的考题近年来多受诟病,原因就在于多次出现一道题有两个正确答案的现象。从2008年开始,笔者发现词汇语法出题的方式逐渐发生变化。题目不再是选择一个答案填入题干以完成句子含义,而是将题干改为一个完整的句子,在选项中直接考查该句里的语法知识点。这种出题方式在一定程度上大大降低了争议题目的出现,不失为一种高明之举,但是随之产生了一些新的问题。下面,笔者将详细解析自2012年开始到2014年的考题,希望借此能对2016年的备考有所启示。
二、实例分析
1.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? (2012-51)
A.Twenty miles seems like a long walk to him.
B.No one except his supporters agree with him.
C.Neither Julia nor I were going to the party.
D.Few students in my class are really lazy.
解析:可选B或C。考查主谓一致,neither ... nor应该遵循就近原则,因此C项应该用was,但书中也提到在非正式语体中,neither ... nor连接两个单数作主语,随后的动词可采用复数形式,例如:Neither he nor his wife have arrived.当主语后面跟由as well as,in addition to,together with,except等引导的词组时,其后的动词形式取决于主语本身的形式,例如:The father,as well as his sons,is going to enroll.No one except two girls was late for dinner.在非正式语体中,可根据就近原则,但这不算规范,例如:No one except his own colleagues were with him.
2.Which of the following determiners(限定词)can be placed before both singular count nouns and plural count nouns? (2012-52)
A.many a B.few C.such D.the next
解析:选D。考查限定词用法,many a后只能跟单数可数名词,few只能跟复数可数名词,such可以跟复数可数名词和不可数名词,例如:such men,such bread,注意:such a是一个整体,包含两个限定词,其后只能与单数可数名词搭配,the next后可接单数可数名词,也可接复数可数名词,例如:the next meeting,the next meetings。
3.Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGNESS? (2012-55)
A.By now she will be eating dinner.
B.I shall never do that again.
C.My brother will help you with the luggage.
D.You shall get a promotion.
解析:选C。考查情态动词含义,寻找表达“意愿”的句子,will可以用来表示“推测”,其口气的肯定程度仅次于must,例如:They will be home by now. 我估计他们现在一定到家了。所以A是这个含义。用will表示“意愿”,可用于一切人称的主语,例如:I will lend you the money if you need it. My sister will help you with luggage. 所以答案选C。如果用shall表示“意愿”,一般适用于第二、三人称主语,这时,shall所表示的“意愿”不是句子主语的“意愿”,而是说话人的“意愿”。例如:You shall stay with us as long as you like.=I’m willing to let you stay with us as long as ...用shall表示“意愿”,在疑问句中是征询听话人的“意愿”,例如:Shall you take a holiday this summer? 所以B和D都不是“意愿”,B和D表达的是“意图”,即intention。用shall表示“意图”,常见于第二、三人称主语之后,表示说话人的意图,例如:You shall get a promotion.= I’ll give you a promotion.若用于第一人称主语,听起来比较古板,在现代英语的口语中通常避免使用,这时shall常被will取代:I won’t/ shan’t go if it rains.
4.All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT (2012-59)
A.She bought herself a pair of new shoes.
B.Only one problem still remains-the food.
C.My friends all understand and support me.
D.She liked her current job,teaching English.
解析:选A。考查句子成分,A句的结构是:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语,没有同位语。B中the food是one problem的同位语,C中all是my friends的同位语,D中teaching English是her current job的同位语。
5.Which of the following best explains the meaning of“Shall we buy the tickets first”? (2012-60)
A.He said that we were going to buy the tickets first.
B.He requested that we buy the tickets first.
C.He suggested that we buy the tickets first.
D.He advised us to buy the tickets first.
解析:选C。考查情态动词含义和疑问句的间接引语,原句意为“我们要不要先买车票?”,shall表示“意图”,用在疑问句中是征询听话人的意见或意图,例如:Shall we have dinner? =Let’s have dinner,shall we? Do you agree with my intention to have dinner? 因此先排除A和B。接着考虑间接引语和直接引语的转换,疑问句表示请求、劝告时,通常用“ask/advise/want等+宾语+不定式”的结构,例如:“Would you buy me some stamps?”→He asked me to buy him some stamps.“Why don’t you phone her first?” →He advised me to phone her first.疑问句表示建议时,通常用“suggest+-ing分词”等结构,例如:“Shall we get the tickets first?”→He suggested getting the tickets first./ He suggested that they (should)get the tickets first.疑问句表示提议时,通常用“offer +不定式”等结构,例如:“Shall I post them to you?”→He offered to post them to me.
6.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? (2012-65)
A.Poultry are very expensive in the city.
B.New machinery were introduced in the factory.
C.The police are investigating the murder case.
D.The militia were called out to rescue flood victims.
解析:选B。考查集合名词单复数,集合名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry等,通常作复数,谓语动词用复数,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等通常作不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。例如:All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
7.Which of the following is a compound word?(复合词)?摇 ?摇.(2013-53)
A.Nonsmoker B.Deadline
C.Meanness D.Misfit
解析:选B。A compound is a word that consists of more than one free morpheme,所谓morpheme,词素是最小的音义结合体,其最大的特点是不能再被分割为更小的音义结合体。而free morpheme是指能独立存在使用的词素,bound morpheme则是必须依附于其他单位的词素,比如:前缀后缀属于bound morpheme,如:pre-,-ment,在单词shipment里,ship就是free morpheme,-ment则是bound。因此,四个选项里只有deadline是由两个free morpheme构成(dead+line的),其他三个都有bound morpheme,比如:non-,-ness,mis-等。
8.The following determiners(限定词) can be used with both plural and uncountable nouns EXCEPT ?摇 ?摇.(2013-55)
A.more B.enough
C.many D.such
解析:选C。限定词的用法是近几年专四的热门考点,诸如some,many,both,all,each等的用法究竟如何使用,还是希望大家多翻阅语法书和词典。这道题看似有点难度,也许你从来不知道哪个限定词可以接名词复数和不可数名词,但好在备选项里每个单词都可以接名词,试试就知道了,比如:more money,more trees;enough money,enough trees;many money,many trees;such big trees,such behavior。
9.Which of the italicized parts indicates CONTRAST ?摇 ?摇.(2013-56)
A.She opened the door and quietly went in.
B.Victoria likes music and Sam is fond of sports.
C.Think it over again and you’ll get an answer.
D.He is somewhat arrogant,and I don’t like this.
解析:选B。首先要明白and不一定表示并列,A,C里的and表示先后;D里的and表示递进;只有B里的and表示对比。
10.All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPT ?摇 ?摇.(2013-58)
A.Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four.
B.The President is coming to the UN next week.
C.The school pupils will be home by now.
D.He is going to email me the necessary information.
解析:选C。这道题目既考查时态,又考查will的用法,A/B/D都是将来时的各种表达,唯独C的will,看似是将来时标志,其实不然,因为和by now矛盾,这里will的用法是指you think something is true,表说话人自己的推测,比如:That will be Tim coming home now; Ask anyone and they will tell you the same thing.
11.Which of the following italicized parts serves as an appositive ?摇 ?摇.(2013-61)
A.He is not the man to draw back.
B.Tony hit back the urge to tell a lie.
C.Larry has a large family to support.
D.There is really nothing to fear.
解析:选B。四个选项的用法在大部分语法书里并没有做进一步区分,都称为不定式的定语用法,修饰名词。但是章振邦的书里出现了这个,是原句作为选项出现,章指出不定式作为名词的后置修饰语时,不定式和名词之间的搭配关系是主谓。A中的the man to draw back,也可以是C和D的动宾to fear nothing,to support family;有时候也是同位关系,比如:urge(冲动)的内容就是指to tell a lie撒谎,故为同位语。
12.Which of the following is NOT an imperative sentence ?摇 ?摇.(2013-62)
A.Let me drive you home,shall I
B.You will mind your own business!
C.Come and have dinner with us.
D.I wish you could stay behind.
解析:选D。花点时间翻遍手头各类语法和用法图书,除了直接用动词打头,Do/Don’t,You/其他唤名+动词,let类型外,均没有见到D的wish类型,说明似乎只有章振邦的书中在情态动词will一节提到B属于加强祈使句。我对此表示质疑,更常见的应该是“You mind your own business.”。如果说“You will mind your own business.”是祈使句的话,那么“You will see him now.”岂不是也是祈使句?这显然说不通。其实“You will mind your own business.”要有祈使句功能,跟语气语调有很大关系,应该念成“You WILL mind your own business!”,而不是“YOU will mind your own business.”。
13.The following are all dynamic verbs(动态动词) EXCEPT ?摇 ?摇.(2013-65)
A.remain B.turn
C.write D.knock
解析:选A。动态动词是指能够延续持续动作的,比如:hit,run等,相反的则是stative verb静态动词,比如:know。现在进行时是常见检验手段,我们不能说“I am knowing the answer.”,只能说“I know the answer.”,因此know是静态动词。同理,题目的A选项remain也是静态动词,其他都是动态动词。
14.Which of the following sentences expresses a future action? (2014-52)
A.Lucy is continually finding fault with her sister.
B.We are meeting the visitors after the performance.
C.The coach is now crossing the Garden Bridge.
D.I’m hoping that you’ll give us some advice.
解析:选B。考查进行式的含义,A项,现在进行体常与always,continually,constantly,for ever 等频度状语连用,对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩(多为不满),C有now,是一般现在式,D表示委婉语气。
15.Which of the following sentences in INCORRECT? (2014-54)
A.Physics is an important school subject.
B.The Niagara Falls is in North America.
C.The United States borders Canada.
D.Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.
解析:选B。考查以s结尾的名词的数,以s结尾的学科通常作单数;以s结尾的地理名词,若表示的是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等,通常作复数;如果是国名,因为是单一政治实体,用作单数;有一些疾病名词以s结尾,通常作单数用。
16.When the sentence “They had made a mess of the house” is turned into passive voice,which of the following is CORRECT?(2014-63)
A.A mess had been made in the house.
B.A mess had been made by them.
C.The house had been made a mess of.
D.The house had been made a mess.
解析:选C。考查主被动句的转换,如果主动句是SVoO结构,那么变为被动句时有两种形式:一种是以间接宾语作主语;另一种是以直接宾语作主语。例如:They offered him some assistance.→He was offered some assistance./Some assistance was offered (to)him.以上第二种形式,除非为了表意上的需要,远不如第一种形式常用。因此原句可改为:The house had been made a mess of (被动句,第一种形式).A mess had been made of the house (被动句,第二种形式).
三、结语
作为英语专业基础阶段英语水平的权威考试,英语专业四级考试中体现出来的命题规律,对英语专业低年级学生的学习具有以下几点指导意义:
1.纵观近几年的考题可以发现,某些语法项目考题有一定的重复率,鉴于此,在每一章节语法知识讲完后,除了整体回顾本章节的语法知识、通过课后习题进行练习外,还可以用真题进行考查,帮助学生分析、梳理历年真题中对本章节内容进行考查的方式,熟悉语法规则,明晰语法概念,以此检验对内容掌握的牢固程度。
2.近几年英语专业四级考试逐渐加大了对语法术语的考查力度,同时考查的语法项目范围不断加大,不再局限于所谓的重点项目,而是涉及一些非常基础的如限定词的使用等。因此,在教学实践中,教师应强调语法术语的识记,提高学生的重视程度,熟练掌握常考语法术语。同时,除了在教学中侧重常考必备语法知识要点外,还要加强对语法书中例句的熟悉,因为选项当中往往是对书中例句的改写。英语专业四级测试的不仅仅是学生是否掌握了语法规则,更要让学生掌握语法规则以后能够运用这些规则指导语言实践活动,从而真正提高学生的语言使用技能。
3.英语专业基础阶段的词汇教学应受到更多的关注,特别是在低年级的综合英语教学中。英国语言学家威尔金(D.Wilkins)说: “没有语法,人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何事物。”但英语词汇的数量(超过 200 万个,并以每年至少 850个新词速度增加)和丰富度(世界上现存的5000多种语言中词汇最丰富的语言之一)往往让人望词生畏,在传统的学习模式中,学生和教师都仅仅重视词汇的汉语意义和搭配,从对专业四级考试中词汇测试内容及其比重的数据分析可以看出,不同词类的词汇、同一词汇的不同意义词的构成等也应成为词汇学习和教学的重点。
英语专业四级一直在英语专业学生心中占有很高的位置,特别是很多高校把英语专业四级的成绩直接与毕业挂钩,因此很多英语专业学生把顺利通过专四定为进入大学后英语学习的第一个目标。教师在具体教学实践中,既要帮助学生掌握语法规则,又要帮助学生学会运用规则指导语言实践活动,切实有效地促进学生英语综合应用能力的全面提高,才能培养出合格的高级应用型英语人才。
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