宋 欣,孙 敏,高志强,任爱霞,赵红梅,李 光,郝兴宇,杨珍平,宗毓铮
(山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷030801)
旱地小麦休闲期覆盖增磷对籽粒蛋白质积累的影响*
宋欣,孙敏,高志强*,任爱霞,赵红梅,李光,郝兴宇,杨珍平,宗毓铮
(山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷030801)
为探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水配施磷肥高产、优质的技术途径,在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地采用大田试验研究了休闲期覆盖或不覆盖条件下低(75 kg/hm2)、中(112.5 kg/hm2)、高(150 kg/hm2)施磷水平对土壤水分、籽粒蛋白质形成的影响及其生理机制。结果表明:休闲期覆盖后,播种期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,达39-42 mm,而开花期60-100 cm土层降低。覆盖后,花后旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性提高,籽粒游离氨基酸和灌浆后期GMP含量提高,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇均提高。增加施磷量,开花期20-60 cm、80-100 cm土层蓄水量降低,而花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性提高,且覆盖条件下花后0-15 d、20 d旗叶GOGAT活性,花后5 d、15 d、25-30 d籽粒GOGAT活性,籽粒游离氨基酸含量、籽粒GMP含量提高,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量显著提高,产量提高940-1452 kg/hm2。此外,休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,开花期深层土壤水分与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性密切相关,旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均与游离氨基酸含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量关系密切。总之,旱地小麦休闲期覆盖有利于提高底墒,且配合施磷量150 kg/hm2可促进根系吸收深层土壤水分,提高产量的同时也提高了籽粒蛋白质含量、GMP含量和谷/醇。
旱地小麦;休闲期覆盖;磷肥;氮代谢关键酶;籽粒蛋白质
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2015.04.016
旱地小麦唯一水分来源是天然降水,而大约常年降水的60%集中分布在此区旱地小麦的休闲期,因此,通过科学的栽培方式最大限度地积蓄休闲期自然降水,就成为旱地小麦高产稳产的关键所在。为此,前人对休闲期覆盖保水方面进行了大量研究。罗俊杰等[1]研究表明,休闲期地膜覆盖能有效蓄积休闲期降水,抑制土壤水分蒸发,提高播前底墒;樊廷录[2]研究表明,夏闲期覆膜能最大限度提高土壤水库的有效集贮量,增加深层储水,发挥土壤水库对作物生长后期的水分调节作用。
磷素营养与土壤水分之间有着十分密切的关系。干旱胁迫下,磷素营养对小麦根系生长具有明显的调节作用,可显著提高根水势、根长度和根干重,改善植株水分状况,提高水分利用率,缓解干旱胁迫,明显改善受迫小麦的生理代谢过程,提高小麦的抗旱性[3]。合理施用磷肥可显著提高小麦产量,但对小麦籽粒蛋白质的影响不尽一致。石惠恩等[4]研究表明,施用磷肥对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量无显著影响;蒋宗庆等[5]研究表明,施磷量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈二次抛物线关系;裴雪霞等[6]研究表明,籽粒蛋白质含量随施磷量的增加而提高。因此,本文在前茬小麦收获后覆盖地膜,配施磷肥,研究其对花后籽粒蛋白质形成影响,以明确休闲期覆盖的蓄水效果及土壤水分与籽粒蛋白质形成的关系,探索旱地小麦磷肥施用新技术,为旱地小麦高产优质提供理论依据。
1.1实验基地情况
本试验于2011-2012年在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地进行,试验地为夏闲地,于6月15日测定土壤肥力:有机质11.88 mg/kg,碱解氮38.62 mg/kg,速效磷14.61 mg/kg。2011-2012年降水量见表1。
表1 闻喜试验点的降水量(mm)Tab.1 Precipitation at the experimental site in Wenxi county(mm)
1.2 试验设计
供试品种为运旱20410(由闻喜县农委提供)。采用二因素裂区设计,前茬小麦收获时留高茬(茬高20-30 cm),收获后15 d(7月1日)深翻(深度35-40 cm),以深翻后是否进行覆盖为主区,设覆盖(采用渗水地膜,山西省农业科学院综合考察研究所研制的一种新型农膜,具有微通透结构,能渗水、通气,用法同普通地膜,M)、不覆盖(NM)两个水平;以播种前基施磷肥的施用量为副区,设低磷[75 kg(P2O5)/ hm2,LP]、中磷[112.5 kg(P2O5)/hm2,MP]、高磷[150 kg(P2O5)/hm2,HP]三个水平,共2×3=6个处理,小区面积50 m×3 m=150 m2,重复3次。8月25日浅旋,耙耱平整土地,播种前同时基施氮和钾肥,150 kg(N)/hm2,150 kg(K2O)/hm2,9月29日播种,基本苗225万株/hm2,行距30 cm,膜际条播,常规管理。
1.3取样及测定方法
1.3.1土壤蓄水量的测定
土壤蓄水量的测定分别于前茬小麦收获后播种前、越冬期、返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期、成熟期,用土钻取0-100 cm(每20 cm为一土层)土样,采用烘干法测定土壤蓄水量。
土壤蓄水量:SWSi=Wi·Di·Hi×10/100式中: SWSi为第i土层土壤蓄水量(mm);Wi为第i土层土壤质量含水量(%);Di为第i土层土壤容重(g· cm-3);Hi为第i土层厚度(cm)。
1.3.2氮代谢酶活、游离氨基酸含量及籽粒GMP含量的测定
开花期选择同天开花、大小均匀的穗挂牌标记,于开花后每隔5 d取样一次直至成熟,每次取75穗和10片旗叶。其中30穗及旗叶于液氮中快速冷冻,-40℃冰箱保存用于酶活性测定。按Lin[7]和Lu[8]的方法测定谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性。
30穗80℃烘干至恒重,粉碎后测定籽粒游离氨基酸含量、GMP含量。采用茚三酮染色法测定籽粒游离氨基酸总量,采用双缩脲法参照Weegels et al[9]的方法测定籽粒GMP含量。0.05 g粗粉中加入1 mL 1.5%的SDS提取液,常温下离心15 min,弃上清液,残余物加入稀释1倍的双缩脲试剂10 mL,振荡2 h后离心,取上清液测540 nm处的吸光值,残余物中氮含量作为GMP的近似值。15穗分离籽粒置于烘箱中105℃杀青30 min,然后70℃烘干称重,烘干后的籽粒经微型高速万能粉碎机粉碎后,用于蛋白质及其组分含量的测定。每处理取50 g籽粒,磨碎后用H2SO4-H2O2-靛酚蓝比色法测定含氮率,含氮率乘以5.7即为籽粒蛋白质含量;采用连续提取法测定籽粒中蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量。
1.3.3产量的测定
成熟期调查单位面积穗数、平均穗粒数及千粒重,每小区取50株测定生物产量,收割4 m2计经济产量。
1.4计算方法及统计方法
采用Microsoft Excel 2003软件处理数据和作图,用DPS和SAS 9.0软件进行统计分析,差异显著性检验用LSD法,显著性水平设定为α=0.05。
2.1休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对土壤水分的影响
休闲期覆盖较不覆盖播种期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,提高39-42 mm(图1 A);而开花期60-100 cm土层蓄水量降低,且80-100 cm差异显著(图1 B)。覆盖条件下,增加施磷量开花期20-60 cm、80-100 cm土层蓄水量降低,且20-40 cm高磷与低、中磷处理间差异显著;不覆盖条件下,增加施磷量,开花期20-100 cm土层蓄水量降低,且40-60 cm高磷与低、中磷处理间差异显著。可见,休闲期覆盖有利于蓄积降水,提高底墒,但促进作物生长,增加耗水,致使生育后期土壤水分降低,且增加施磷量促进深层水分利用,0-100 cm土壤水分下降明显。
2.2休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对氮代谢关键酶活性的影响
2.2.1对旗叶、籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的影响
休闲期覆盖较不覆盖花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性均显著提高(图2)。增加施磷量,花后旗叶GS活性提高,5-15 d各处理间差异显著,且覆盖条件下花后20-25 d、30 d高磷与低、中磷处理间差异显著。增加施磷量,花后籽粒GS活性提高,15 d各处理间差异显著,且覆盖条件下花后10 d、20-30 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著。可见,覆盖条件下增加施磷量有利于提高灌浆后期旗叶和籽粒GS活性。
2.2.2对旗叶、籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性的影响
图1 休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对播种期和开花期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量的影响Fig.1 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on soil water storage at the depth of 0-100 cm at sowing and anthesis
图2 休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对旗叶、籽粒GS活性的影响Fig.2 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on activity of GS in flag leaves and grains
休闲期覆盖较不覆盖花后旗叶GOGAT活性显著提高(图3 A);花后籽粒GOGAT活性提高,且花后0-20 d、30 d差异显著(图3 B)。增加施磷量,覆盖条件下,花后0-15 d、25 d旗叶GOGAT活性提高,且10 d低磷与高磷处理间差异显著,15 d各处理间差异显著,25 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著;不覆盖条件下,花后旗叶GOGAT活性提高,且花后5 d、15 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著,10 d、20 d、 25 d高磷与低、中磷处理间差异显著。增加施磷量,覆盖条件下花后5 d、15 d、25-30 d籽粒GOGAT活性提高,不覆盖条件下花后0-25 d籽粒GOGAT活性提高。可见,覆盖条件下,增加施磷量更有利于提高灌浆前期旗叶GOGAT活性和灌浆后期籽粒GOGAT活性。
2.3休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对籽粒蛋白质积累特性的影响
2.3.1 对籽粒游离氨基酸和GMP含量动态变化的影响
休闲期覆盖较不覆盖籽粒游离氨基酸含量提高,且花后10 d、20-35 d差异显著(图4 A)。增加施磷量籽粒游离氨基酸含量提高,且覆盖条件下,花后5 d、35 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著,花后10-20 d各处理间差异显著;不覆盖条件下花后0-10 d、20 d各处理间差异显著,花后15 d、25-30 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著。可见,覆盖条件下增加施磷量有利于提高籽粒游离氨基酸含量水平。
覆盖后,30-35 d籽粒GMP含量提高,且花后35 d差异显著(图4 B)。增加施磷量,花后籽粒GMP含量提高,且覆盖条件下,花后10-15 d、20 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著,花后25-35 d各处理间差异显著;不覆盖条件下,花后5-20 d高磷与低、中磷处理间差异显著,花后30-35 d低磷与中、高磷处理间差异显著。可见,覆盖条件下增加施磷量有利于促进灌浆后期籽粒GMP积累。
图3 休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对旗叶、籽粒GOGAT活性的影响Fig.3 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on activity of GOGAT in flag leaves and grains
图4 休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对籽粒游离氨基酸和GMP含量动态变化的影响Fig.4 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on changes of grain free amino and GMP content
2.3.2 对产量和成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响
休闲期覆盖较不覆盖显著提高产量,增加施磷量显著提高产量,休闲期覆盖增施磷量150 kg/hm2可提高产量940-1452 kg/hm2。覆盖后,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比和蛋白质产量均提高(表2),且清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白质含量及其产量均达显著。增加施磷量,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比和蛋白质产量提高,清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白质含量及其产量各处理间差异均显著,且覆盖条件下醇溶蛋白、谷/醇各处理间差异也达显著水平;不覆盖条件下,醇溶蛋白高磷与低、中磷处理间差异显著,谷/醇高磷与低磷处理间差异显著。可见,休闲期覆盖与增加施磷量均可提高产量和籽粒蛋白质含量及其产量,且覆盖条件下增加施磷量更有利于醇溶蛋白含量和谷/醇的提高。
表2 休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响Tab.2 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on changes of grain protein and its component content
2.3.3籽粒蛋白质积累特性与氮代谢关键酶活性的相关性分析
休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,游离氨基酸含量、谷/醇、籽粒蛋白质产量与旗叶和籽粒GS、GOGAT活性呈显著或极显著关系,且游离氨基酸含量和蛋白质产量与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性关系较密切,谷/醇与旗叶和籽粒GS活性关系较密切;清蛋白与旗叶GS活性呈显著关系;谷蛋白和总蛋白质含量与旗叶和籽粒GS、旗叶GOGAT活性均呈显著关系,且与旗叶GS、GOGAT活性的关系较密切,尤其与旗叶GS活性(表3)。
表3 氮代谢酶活性与籽粒蛋白质积累的相关系数Tab.3 Correlation coefficients between activities of relevant enzymes for nitrogen metabolism and characteristics for grain protein accumulation
2.4 土壤水分与氮代谢关键酶活性、籽粒蛋白质积累的关系
2.4.1开花期土壤水分与氮代谢关键酶活性的相关性分析
休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,0-20 cm土层蓄水量与旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均呈正相关,而40-80 cm呈负相关(表4)。60-80 cm土层蓄水量与旗叶GOGAT活性呈显著关系,80-100 cm土层与旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均呈极显著相关,尤其与旗叶GS和GOGAT关系最密切。可见,氮代谢关键酶活性与深层土壤水分关系密切,尤其是旗叶GS和GOGAT活性。
2.4.2开花期土壤水分与籽粒蛋白质积累的相关性分析
休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,20-40 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质积累特性各项指标均呈负相关关系(表5)。游离氨基酸含量与60-100 cm土层蓄水量,清蛋白含量与40-60 cm土层蓄水量,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、GMP、蛋白质含量与60-80 cm土层蓄水量,谷/醇与40-100 cm土层蓄水量,蛋白质产量与80-100 cm土层蓄水量呈显著或极显著相关。可见,40 cm以下土壤水分与籽粒蛋白质积累关系密切,尤其贮藏蛋白含量。
表4 开花期不同土层土壤蓄水量与氮代谢相关酶活的相关系数Tab.4 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage at anthesis and activities of relevant enzymes for nitrogen metabolism
表5 开花期不同土层土壤蓄水量与蛋白质积累的相关系数Tab.5 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage at anthesis and protein accumulation
旱地小麦休闲期覆盖能有效的蓄积降水,提高作物产量。Su等[10-12]研究表明,夏闲期覆盖地膜可有效集聚降水,具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,保墒率最高可达69%。刘婷等[13]研究表明,地膜覆盖对土壤水分含量的影响深度可达200 cm。党廷辉等[14]等研究表明,旱地小麦采用地膜覆盖产量可提高12%-18%。本研究表明,休闲期覆盖明显提高了播种期0-100 cm各土层土壤蓄水量,提高产量20%-31%。本团队从2009年起就扎根于山西闻喜进行旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保墒等方面的研究,通过分析休闲期不同耕作、不同材料和时间覆盖对不同降雨年型土壤底墒的影响,均表明覆盖有明显的保水效果,且其效果可延续至小麦生育后期,实现伏雨春夏用[15-16]。
磷肥有利于促进作物对深层水分的利用,增强作物抗旱能力,增施磷肥可补偿因底墒不足而导致的减产,在底墒充足时,通过以水调肥保持高产[4,17]。梁银丽等[18]研究表明,施用磷肥能够在一定程度上弥补因水分不足造成的影响,并显著提高了小麦产量和水分利用率。本文研究表明,增加施磷量,小麦吸收深层土壤水分,促进生长,增加耗水,导致开花期1米内土壤水分降低,且休闲期覆盖蓄水,施磷量150 kg/hm2时,20-40 cm土层水分下降显著,不覆盖条件下,40-60 cm土层下降显著,可能是由于土壤水分不足,越容易发挥磷的作用,促进根系活动的范围向较深土层聚集。且磷肥对1米以下土壤水分的影响有待进一步研究,深入探索增施磷肥是否会导致生育后期土壤水分下降明显,而影响下茬作物生长。
前人关于施磷对小麦籽粒蛋白质积累影响的研究结果不尽一致。倪英丽等[19]研究表明,施磷处理较不施磷处理有利于小麦籽粒GMP和谷蛋白含量的积累;胡承霖等[20]研究表明,施磷量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈抛物线的关系;王旭东[21]研究表明施磷可同时提高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。而许卫霞[22]研究表明,增施磷肥主要提高作物产量,而对籽粒品质的作用并不明显。本研究表明,随施磷量增加,花后旗叶、籽粒GS活性均提高,籽粒游离氨基酸含量、籽粒GMP含量、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量均提高,这主要由于磷肥引起土壤水分的变化而影响了氮代谢关键酶活性和籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。
水分是影响籽粒蛋白质形成的重要因子。Jiang等[23]研究表明,干旱条件下,小麦籽粒GS含量降低,从而造成籽粒蛋白质产量下降和品质变劣。范雪梅等[24-25]研究认为,土壤水分一定程度的亏缺可提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,谷/醇,从而改善籽粒蛋白质品质,而渍水显著降低谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值。本研究表明,休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,开花期深层土壤水分与旗叶及籽粒GS、GOGAT活性关系密切,尤其是旗叶GS和GOGAT,开花期40 cm以下土壤水分与籽粒蛋白质含量关系密切,尤其是贮藏蛋白质。说明开花期适度干旱有利于提高氮代谢关键酶活性,从而促进了籽粒蛋白质积累。
GS和GOGAT是小麦氮代谢的关键酶,但有关其酶活性与籽粒蛋白质积累的关系的描述不尽一致。赵鹏等[26]研究表明,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性均呈正相关,与GOGAT活性均呈不显著负相关。赵辉等[27]研究表明,小麦旗叶GS活性变化与籽粒蛋白质含量大小并不一致。本研究表明,休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,谷/醇与旗叶和籽粒GS活性关系密切;清蛋白与旗叶GS活性关系密切;谷蛋白和总蛋白质含量与旗叶和籽粒GS、旗叶GOGAT活性均呈显著关系,且与旗叶GS、GOGAT活性的关系较密切,尤其与旗叶GS活性。本研究团队对旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作、不同时间覆盖条件下籽粒蛋白质形成研究也表明,籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性密切相关[28-29]。可能是由于旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质的积累主要是依靠GS/GOGAT途径。
总之,旱地小麦采用休闲期覆盖可明显提高播种期土壤水分,改善旱地冬小麦的土壤供水,起到保水、抗旱的作用。增施磷肥可促进小麦对深层水分的利用,虽然使0-100 cm土壤水分明显下降,但由于开花期深层土壤水分与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性密切相关,旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均与游离氨基酸含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量关系密切,因此,休闲期覆盖配施磷肥150 kg/hm2可显著提高小麦产量的同时,有利于提高旱地小麦品质。
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Effects of Mulching in Fallow Period and Phosphorus Application on Grain Protein Accumulation in Dryland Wheat
SONG Xin,SUN Min,GAO Zhiqiang*,REN Aixia,ZHAO Hongmei,LI Guang,HAO Xingyu,YANG Zhenping,ZONG Yuzheng
(College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,Shanxi,China)
In order to study the technical approach of mulching in fallow period and the application of phosphorus fertilizer to improve yield and quality of dryland wheat,field trial was carried out to study the effect of two mulching situations and three fertilizer treatments on soil water and grain protein accumulation and its physiological mechanism in Wenxi experiment site of Shanxi Agricultural University.The three treatments of phosphorus fertilizer were:low-level(75 kg/ hm2),middle-level(112.5 kg/hm2)and high-level(150 kg/hm2).Two mulching situations were set up for each fertilizer treatment:mulch and no mulch in fallow period.The results showed that soil moisture storage at the depth of 0-100 cm increased significantly by 38-41 mm at sowing stage and at the depth of 60-100 cm layer decreased at anthesis under the situation of mulching in fallow period.After mulching in fallow period,the activity of GS and GOGAT in post-anthesis flag leaves and grains were improved.The contents of free amino acid in grain and GMP at late filling stage were enhanced.The contents of grain protein and its components and the ratio of Glu/Gli were both increased.Increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer,soil water storage in the 20-60 cm and 80-100 cm layer were reduced,however the activity of GS in post-anthesis flag leaves and grains were improved.In additon,both the activity of GOGAT in flag leaves of post-anthesis 5-15 d,20 d,it in grain of post-anthesis 5 d,15 d,25-30 d and the contents of free amino acid and GMP in grain were enhanced.The contents of grain protein and its components,the ratio of Glu/Gli and protein yield were all improved significantly.The yield of wheat was increased by 940-1452 kg/hm2.Furthermore,under the condition of mulching and phosphorus fertilizer,there was a close relationship between deep soil moisture at anthesis and the activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves.All the activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves and grain were closely related to the contents of free amino acid,the ratio of Glu/Gli and protein yield.The above results suggested that mulching in fallow period in dryland wheat should be beneficial to improve soil moisture before sowing.And applying phosphorus fertilizer of 150 kg/hm2can help roots absorb the soil water in deep layer.This measure can promote the increase of yield and also further improve the contents of grain protein and GMP and the ratio of Glu/Gli.
dryland wheat;mulch in fallow period;phosphorus;key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism;grain protein
S512.1
A
1007-7146(2015)04-0390-10
2015-02-05;
2015-06-16
公益性行业科研专项经费(201303104);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项经费(CARS-03-01-24);国家自然科学基金(31101112);山西省科技攻关项目(20140311008-3)
宋欣(1990-),女,汉,山西晋城人,在读硕士研究生,主要从事旱作栽培及生理方面的研究。(E-mail)song-xin2010@hotmail.com
高志强,教授,博士生导师。(Tel)0354-6287187;(E-mail)gaozhiqiang1964@126.com