熟记固定搭配,击破语法改错

2015-05-30 10:48:04杨华新
广东教育·高中 2015年12期
关键词:冠词词组连词

杨华新

不论是语法填空,还是短文改错,都常常考查固定搭配。如果考生熟练掌握好固定搭配,这类考点,可以在句,甚至是词的层面就可以轻易解决。但事实上,即便是优秀考生,有时也会失分。据他们说,主要是固定搭配涉及面广,种类多,易混淆,运用起来张冠李戴。基于此,为了帮助考生提高语法填空和短文改错固定搭配方面的得分率,笔者结合自己多年的高三教学经验,特意对全国卷该部分的常见考法及高频考点归类整理如下。

一、考生须熟记以下常考的固定搭配

1. 冠词的固定搭配

全国卷英语高考对冠词的考查,并非仅仅局限于区分“特指”和“泛指”那般简单,在固定搭配中考查冠词也是很常态的考法。以下冠词的固定搭配就是高频考点:

含不定冠词的固定词组:

in a mess乱七八糟 in a ...condition处于……状态

in a hurry匆匆忙忙 have a gift for在……有天赋

at a loss不知所措 all of a sudden突然

once in a while偶尔 once upon a time从前

go on a diet节食 keep a diary写日记

as a result结果 do sb. a favor帮某人一个忙

keep an eye on照看 give sb. a lift给某人提供顺风车

a waste of浪费 have a word with和某人谈话

a series of一系列 at an end接近尾声

含定冠词的固定词组:

on the spot / scene在现场 make the most / best of充分利用

at the moment此时此刻 take the place of取代;替代

in the daytime在白天 in the distance在远方

in the end最终 on the whole总体上

at the same time同时 on the left / right在左/右边

in the air / sky在空中 for the time being暂时

in a word总之 in the 1980s二十世纪八十年代

in the beginning起初 all over the world全世界

by the way顺便说一下

必须注意的是,有了短文改错作为载体,与零冠词有关的一些固定搭配,也开始“大行其道”,成为考查对象。如:

at noon在中午 at night在晚上

at dawn 在黎明 at dusk在黄昏

in public当众 by bus坐公共汽车

make great progress取得很大的进步

2. 介词的固定搭配

全国卷英语高考对介词的考查,主要是“形容词+介词”和“介词+名词”这两种搭配。但在语法填空或短文改错中,譬如apart from和according to这类词组,往往也会被考查,故考生们千万不可掉以轻心。由于介词种类繁多,且不同的介词又有不同的搭配,因此不少考生都感到介词短语的记忆比较散乱,难记易忘。鉴于此,笔者建议考生最好把同一个介词的相关搭配放在一起记忆。拿with为例,如下:

be angry with sb. 因某事而生某人的气

be strict with sb. 在……对某人严格

be crowded with 拥挤 be filled with 装满;充满

be connected with 连接 be flooded with 充斥;涌入

be compared with 比较 be popular with 受欢迎

be covered with 覆盖 be patient with 对……无耐心

be faced with 面临 be frank with 对……坦白

be infected with 感染 be concerned with 关于

be busy / engaged /occupied with 忙于

be pleased / satisfied / content with 对……满意

be fed up with 厌倦 be familiar with 对……熟悉

3. 连词的固定搭配

高考除了对连词的常规用法进行考查外,有时也会考查固定搭配。以下是连词常用的固定搭配:

either... or... 要么……要么……

neither...nor... 既不……也不……

whether...or... 是/不论……还是……

not only..., but(also)... 不但……而且……

when it comes to... 当涉及到……

was / were doing sth. when... 正在做某事,突然……

be about to do sth. when... 正要做某事,突然……

be on the point of doing sth. when... 正要做某事,突然……

There was a time when... 曾有一段时间;曾经

4. 代词的固定搭配

全国卷英语高考对代词的考查也是五花八门,细致入微。以下列举一些考生容易失分的关于代词的固定搭配:

take it for granted that... 认为……理所当然

make it a rule that... 把……作为规定

make it clear that... 声明

make it +adj. for sb. to do sth. 令得某人做某事很……

find / think / consider it+adj. to do sth. 发觉/认为做某事很……

make oneself heard/understand 使自己被听到/理解

5. 动词的固定搭配

命题者也常常在短文改错中用以下的方式考查考生:

少一介词:不及物动词后+宾语。如:belong to sb.写成belong sb.。

多一介词:及物动词+介词+宾语。如:visit sb.写成visit to sb.。

张冠李戴:用错动词或副词。如:把put out误用作put off,turn on用成了take on等。

6. 非谓语的固定搭配

为应对语法填空,考生除了掌握最基础的非谓语语法知识外,也不可忽略特殊搭配的积累。如:

judging from / by 由……判断

generally speaking 笼统来讲

all things considered 全盘考虑;整体看来

be worth doing 值得做某事

only to see/ find/ discover 结果却看见/发现

to tell you the truth 实话实说

to make things worse 更糟糕的是

weather permitting 天气允许的话

7. 名词为复数形式的固定搭配

考生们在做语法填空时,凡涉及固定搭配中的名词时,要注意其单复数形式;同理,命题者极有可能在短文改错中也会将其设为考点。常见的固定搭配有:

shake hands with 和……握手

make friends with 与……交朋友

make preparations for 为……做准备

be in high / low spirits 情绪高涨/低落

to make things / matters worse 更糟糕的是

be as follows 如下

have effects on / have an effect on 对……有影响

make efforts to do / make an effort to do 努力做某事

make contributions to / make a contribution to 为……做贡献

8. 特殊的固定句型

There is no denying that... 毋庸置疑

There is no need to do sth. 没必要做某事

There is no point in doing sth做某事没有意义

It is no use / good doing sth.做某事没用/不好

It is / was...that / who... 正是……

It was not long before... 很快……

Its(high)time that sb. did sth. 该是某人做某事的时候了

It is / was the+序数词+time that sb. has / had done sth. 某人第……次做某事

9. 易混的词或词组

before(用完成时态)/ ago(用过去时态)

because(接句子)/ because of(接名词/词组)

have been to(到过)/ have gone to(去了)

ten years ago(用一般过去时)/ since ten years ago(用现在完成时)

long before(很久以前)/ before long(不久之后)

make sense of(理解)/ make sense(有意义,说得通)

take advantage of(利用)/ take advantage over(比……有优势)

be tired of(对……厌倦)/ be tired from(因……而疲惫)

pay in cash(用现金支付)/ pay by check(用支票支付)

in 1990(在1990年)/ in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)

in the morning(在早上)/ on the morning of last Monday(上周一早上)

in summer(在夏天)/ in the summer of 1997(在1997年夏天)

in the past(在过去,用于一般过去时态)/ in the past few years(在最近几年,用于现在完成时态)

with time going by = as time goes by(随着时间的推移,with是介词,而as是连词)

in charge of(负责……)/ in the charge of(由……负责)

at table(在吃饭)/ at the table(在桌子旁边)

at a time(一次)/ at one time(曾经,同时)/ at the time(当时;那时)

a number of(许多)/ the number of(……的数目)

a most + adj.(一个非常……的)/ the most +adj.(最……的)

a second time(又一次)/ the second time(第二次)

take place(发生)/ take the place of(取代;替代)

charge sb. with sth.(因某事指控某人)/ charge sb. for sth.(因某事收费)

be proud of = take pride in(引以为豪)

be confident of = have confidence in(对……有信心)

二、高考真题分析

1. 语法填空 在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或所给词的正确形式。

(1)________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.(2015 课标卷 II)

解析:At 考查固定搭配at the same time“同时”。

(2)It took years of work ________(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014 课标卷 I)

解析:to reduce考查固定句式It takes+时间+to do sth.“做某事花……时间”。

(3)I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.( 2014 课标卷 II)

解析:to考查固定搭配next to“紧邻;紧接”。

(4)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ________(stop)until...(2014课标卷 II)

解析:to stop考查固定搭配refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某事”。

(5)Still,the boy kept ________(ride).(2014课标卷 II)

解析:riding考查固定搭配keep doing sth.“继续/持续做某事”。

(6)Nick said,“The only reason a man would sell salt ________ a low price would be because he was desperate for money.(2013广东卷)

解析:at考查固定搭配at a low / high price.“以低 / 高价”。

(7) I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged ________ the reservation.(2014广东卷)

解析:for 考查固定搭配charge sb. for(doing)sth.“因(做)某事而收费”。

(8)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.(2015广东卷)

解析:when考查固定句型was / were doing...when...“正在做……突然……”。

2. 短文改错 以下每个句子都有一处错误,请指出并改正过来。

(1)In other words,we would be separated for long time.(2010大纲)

解析:在long前面加a,因为for a long time是固定词组,“很长一段时间”。

(2)In a fact, he even scared my classmates away...(2013课标卷 I)

解析:把a去掉,因为in fact是固定词组,“实际上”。

(3)As result, the plants are growing everywhere.(2014课标卷 I)

解析:在as后面加a,因为as a result是固定词组,“结果”。

(4)...and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes.(2014课标卷 I)

解析:把by改为with,因为with the help of是固定词组,“在……的帮助下”。

(5)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listen music.(2014课标卷 II)

解析:在listen后面加to,因为listen to是固定词组,“听;倾听”。

(6)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.(2015课标卷 I)

解析:在in后面加the,因为in the countryside是固定词组,“在农村”。

(7)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.(2015课标卷 I)

解析:把on改为with,因为with the development of是固定词组,“随着……的发展”。

(8)My best friend, Aigulie, used to share her Nang to me.(2015课标卷 I)

解析:把to改为with,因为share...with是固定词组,“和……分享”。

三、实战演练

(一)语法填空 在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或所给词的正确形式。

1. He is always responsible ________ for whatever he does.

2. She spoke in such ________ low voice that she couldnt make herself heard.

3. The students are busy making ________(prepare)for the coming exams.

4. He was absent from the lecture ________ some reason.

5. People were sleeping soundly ________ the destructive earthquake occurred.

6. Strictly ________ (speak),what you said just now is not exactly correct.

7. Id appreciate it ________ you could do me a favor and help me out.

8. He had no choice but ________ (wait) aimlessly for another two hours.

9. If you go on behaving like that,youll risk ________ (lose)your job.

10. When he woke up,he found himself lying in ________ open air.

(二)单句改错 以下每个句子都有一处错误,请指出并改正过来。

1. So busy am I that I spend little time on my son every week.

2. The other day,she paid visit to the Summer Palace and enjoyed herself.

3. His parents forced him choose the major he wasnt interested in.

4. Were supposed to exchange our study methods to each other.

5. The project is now in charge of Mr. Green,our close friend.

6. Old as he is,the man is in a good health.

7. Ill take you up as soon as you arrive at the train station.

8. As students,we should make effort to realize our dreams.

9. Tom got up,dressed him and went to work in a hurry.

10. I dont make sense what you said just now. Can you explain it in detail?

答案与解析

(一)语法填空

1. for 因be responsible for是固定搭配,意为“对……负责”。

2. a因in a low voice“低声地”。

3. preparations 表示“为……做准备”,用固定搭配make preparations for。

4. for 因for...reason 是固定搭配,意为“出于……原因”。

5. when 因was / were doing... when...“正在做某事……突然”。

6. speaking 因Strictly speaking是独立主格结构,意思是“严格来说”。

7. if 固定句型Id appreciate it if...意为“假如……的话,我会不胜感激”。

8. to wait 特殊句型have no choice but to do意为“除了做……外,别无选择”。

9. losing 因risk doing sth. 是固定用法,意为“冒险做某事”。

10. the 因in the open air是固定词组,意为“在户外”。

(二)单句改错

1. 把on改为with ,因此处是表示“花时间陪某人”而不是“花时间在……上”。

2. 在visit前面加a,因为pay a visit to“拜访;参观”是固定搭配。

3. 在choose前面加to,因“强迫某人做某事”用force sb. to do sth.是固定句式。

4. 把to改为with,因“和……交流/交换……”用exchange…with…。

5. 在charge前面加the,因此处指“由……负责/掌管”,用词组in the charge of。

6. 去掉a,“身体健康”可用固定词组be in good health来表示。

7. 把take改为pick,因为“用车接载某人”用pick sb. up这一词组。

8. 在effort前面加an,或把effort改成efforts,因为“努力做某事”可以用词组make an effort to do sth.或者make efforts to do sth.来表示。

9. 把him改为himself,因dress oneself 意为“某人自己穿衣服”。

10. 在what前面加of,因为make sense of表示“理解”,而make sense则是“有意义;说得通”之意。

(作者单位:广东江门开平市第一中学)

责任编辑 蒋小青

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