【摘要】本文总结了as在句中用作副词、连词、代词和介词情况,so在句中做副词和连词情况及so 和as一起使用情况,分别对这两个单词用法的异同进行分析和例示。
【关键词】as so 用法
as和so是英语中使用频率极高的两个单词,as常用做副词、连词、代词和介词,而so常用做副词和连词,它们的用法很多,对初学英语者,全面掌握并且准确灵活地使用这两个单词很重要。本文对这两个单词用法的异同进行详细的分析和例示。
一、as用作副词、连词、代词和介词
1.as用做副词。as用作副词常跟a”一起构成“as…as”这个比较句型。在“as…as”句型中第二个as的词性有两种情况,其一是做介词,如:He is as tall as me. 该句中第二个“as”是介词,含义是“达到与…相同的程度,与…等同”。其二是as做连词,如:His eyes aren′t quite as blue as they look in the film.该句中第二个as是连词,含义是“与…等同,同…一样达到某种程度”。“as”用作副词还有“和…无不同,像”含义。如:As before he remained unmoved.
2.as用做连词。as用作连词,其含义较多。如:I saw her as she was getting off the bus. 该句中“as”可译为“在…期间;当…的时候”;如:As you weren′t there ,I left a message. 该句中“as”放在句首其含义是“因为,由于”;如:Much as I like you,I couldnt live with you. 该句中“as”用于形容词或副词之后,引导让步状语从句,含义是“尽管,即使,虽然”。除此之外“as”还有“以…方式,为……之事实”的意思,如:The Beatles,as many of you are old enough to remember,came from liver pool.“as”用做连词也可接“be或do+主语”,其含义是“也一样”,如:She is very tall,as are both of parents.“as”用做连词还能和其它词一起构成习语,如:as against sth与…对照、与…相比,as and when(a)[指将来的某一未定的事或行动]到时候,as for sb/sth 至于某人或某物,as from/of指某事物开始的时间或日期,as if/though好像、似乎、仿佛,as it is照现状看、看样子,as to sth至于某事物,as regard sth提到某事物。
3.as用作代词。“as”用作代词的情况有两种。其一是常用于状语从句中,如:As is announced in the papers the diseases of SARS have spread almost all over the Asia.其二是构成固定搭配,如“as”常位于regard、consider、look on/upon、treat、view、represent、acknowledge 词之后,如:Most People regarded/considered/looked upon him as a fool.
4.as 用作介词。“as”用作介词时有以下三种意思:其一是“好像(某人)”,如:Dressed as a policeman.其二是“有(某人)的身份式特性,作为、当作”,如:I′m speaking as your employer. 其三是“因某人是(某身份)或当某人是(某身份)时”,如:As her private secretary ,He has access to all her correspondence.
二、so常用做副词和连词
1.so用作副词。so作副词时常放在形容词与副词之前,这时“so”有以下七种情况:
(1)表示“到这种程度,这么,那么…”,如:The weather was so hot.
(2)表示“不(像)…这么…,不(像)…那么…”,如:He isn′t so great as you think.
(3)表示“结果”,如:The weather was so bad that many people caught a cold.
(4)表示“到做某种事的程度”,如:She was so kind as to phone for a taxi for me.
(5)用于作比较,如:He is not so clever as his brother.
(6)表示“很、极”,如:You are so kind to help me.
(7)用于一些习惯用语中,如:not so much sth as sth,so much for sb/sth,so much so that等。
2.so用作连词。so作连词通常有以下五种情况:
(1)表示结果,如:Miss Guo was ill so I took his place.
(2)表示目的,如:She whispered to me so no one else would hear.
(3)用以引出下文,如:So now it′s winter again and I′m still unemployed.
(4)用以引出一段话进行批评或对比,如:So I′ve been in prison for three years. That doesn′t mean I can′t do a job.
(5)应用在一些习惯用语中,如:He′s 15 years older than me,so what if he is?
3.so 和as一起使用。so 和as一起使用时,表达不同含义,主要有以下几种:
(1)表达否定比较,如:The box is not so/as heavy as I expected.
(2)用在so+adj+as+to+inf句型中,如:He is not so foolish as to do that.
(3)构成固定搭配,如so far as意为“达到某种程度”,So far as I am concerned,this agreement is quite satisfactory;如so long as意为“只要”,I will help you as long as you do your best to study;如not so much as意为“甚至没有”,He didn′t so much as find a job.
(4)构成固定句型,如as+简单句,so+简单句,如:As he treats you,so you treat him.
(5)表示“为了做某事”,如I took an umbrella so as not to get wet in the rain.
so和as既可以单独使用,也可一起构成固定短语,在不同的地方具有不同含义,尽管它们的用法变化多端,但只要用心,仍可以很好地掌握它们。如果精通了它们的用法,你的英语水平肯定会进一步提高。
参考文献:
[1]陆谷孙.英汉大词典(第二版)[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2007.
[2]王玉章,等译.牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第7版)[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[3]简清国,林茂珠.英汉多功能词典[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
作者简介:张美茹,女,1975年生,陕西西安人,中学英语教师,主要从事中学英语教学与研究。